Hawaii

Hawaii Hawaii, island (1990 pop. 120,217), 4,037 sq mi (10,456 sq km), largest and southernmost island of the state of Hawaii and coextensive with Hawaii co.; known as the Big Island. Geologically the youngest of the Hawaiian group, Hawaii is made up of five overlapping volcanic mountain masses rising from the floor of the Pacific Oceanâ€"Kohala, the oldest and northernmost; Mauna Kea, the highest point in the state (13,796 ft/4,205 m above sea level); Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano in the world; Hualalai, in the west; and Kilauea, on the SE slopes of Mauna Loa. Lava flows, some of which reach the sea, and volcanic ash cover parts of the island. The north and northeast coasts are rugged with high cliffs; the west and south coasts are generally low, with some good bathing beaches. An unusual black-sand beach lies on the southeast coast. Short rivers radiate from the major summits; Wailuku River, the longest, flows into Hilo Bay. Many waterfalls are on the island. Hawaii has a tropic al-rainy climate, with the north and east slopes receiving the most rain. The west and south slopes are much drier; the Kau Desert is in S Hawaii. Temperatures decrease with elevation; Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea are usually snow-covered in winter. Vegetation varies from tropical rain forest to grasslands to barren volcanic areas. The island's principal agricultural industries are forestry and macadamia nut production. The Kona district of W Hawaii is the coffee belt of the United States and is also known for its health resorts and offshore deep-sea fishing. Hilo , on the east coast, is the island's largest city and chief port and is the county seat. A highway, linking the coastal towns, encircles the island. At Kealakekua Bay there is a monument to Capt. James Cook, the first English explorer to visit (1778) the Hawaiian islands. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park are on Hawaii (see National Parks and Monuments , table). All over th e island heiaus (ancient temples) are found. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Model Of Behavioral Process And How The Occupants Use The Phases - 550 Words

The Model Of Behavioral Process And How The Occupants Use The Phases (Essay Sample) Content: Human behavior in fireStudents NameInstitutionHuman behavior in fireAccording to the human behavior research, the actions taken by individuals in particular circumstances are due to a decision made but not because of any changes occurring to the surroundings. In the case of any disaster such as building fires people usually perceive certain signals and then after interpreting such signals, they make decisions concerning further actions which should be taken to respond to the signals. This paper will discuss the different phases of a conceptual model of the behavioral process of building fires (kuligowski, 2008).The first phase of the behavioral process is the perception phase. In this phase, the people inside the building are able to sense the change of the environment through both physical and social signals. Some of the signal physicals which may be perceived include flames of fire or even smoke from the nearby rooms. They may perceive signals of danger from actions of the others, for example, people shouting for help or even running to save their lives. The social signals may be either text messages or even phone calls from those people outside the building. (kuligowski, 2008). This phase is however affected by several factors which determine whether the people occupying the building will perceive these signals. For instance, a person with a previous experience of fire will be in a good position to perceive any kind of alarm compared to a person without such an experience. Also having the knowledge of fire signals may help a person to perceive them faster than anyone who does not have any knowledge.The second phase is the interpretation phase. In this phase when the people occupying the building perceive signals, they try to analyze this information from the alarms. During this phase, people think of whether the alarms are basically false or whether they are genuine alarms indicating there is a fire in the building. They also think of any pos sible dangers which can be caused by fire to themselves or even to the other people in the same building. For the occupants to interpret the situation as a fire the signals should be very serious such as smoke and flames. Therefore the way people interpret the situation depends on the perceived signals and how serious they appear to the occupants. (kuligowski, 2008). For example, if its the first time for a person to hear a fire alarm in the building then they will definitely be sure there is a serious fire in the alarm.The third phase is the decision making phase. In this phase the occupants makes decisions on the next actions to be taken which depends on their interpretation of the current situation and the possible dangers. Making decisions will include coming up with several options on what to do to save the situation (kuligowski, 2008). For example, if the occupants have interpreted the situation as a serious fire then they can decide to leave their things and run towards the d oor in order to save their lives. They can also decide to shout so that the other people in the b...

I Choose The Athens Area Homeless Shelter Essay - 844 Words

field, we have to be good volunteers. Social workers also have an obligation to give free services. Organizations have their own favored procedures of services. The manner in which organizations execute social justice is immensely important for a client’s advancement. I know volunteers are the backbone of human service organizations, but I am concerned about volunteers not getting the proper guidance from the social workers in charge. Honestly, I choose the Athens Area Homeless Shelter because of how easy and fast it was to be qualified. One can start volunteering by merely signing up online, after filling out an agreement and application online. There is no background check or interview. Ultimately, I do not know if extensive training is healthier or necessary for volunteers, but some personal direction would have been helpful. A client’s success depends on how well an organization is operated. Due to a lack of orientation to volunteers about specific safety procedures to take with children, I had one of the scariest moments of my life. On that day, I encountered a new mother, which I will call Stella. She had two kids: a one and a half year old toddler and a five-month-old boy. The baby, ‘Miley’, was so loveable and instantly cherished by the volunteers. Another volunteer and I asked Stella if we could take her outside to play with the other children. She said okay, went to get her shoes, and put them on her. It was two volunteers and four kids (from five – ten) outsideShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for PrintedRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesMcGraw-Hill/Irwin series, operations and decision sciences) Gray’s name appears first on the earlier editions. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-340334-2 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-340334-2 (alk. paper) 1. Project management. 2. Time management. 3. Risk management. I. Gray, Clifford F. II. Gray, Clifford F. Project management. III. Title. HD69.P75G72 2011 658.4904—dc22 2009054318 www.mhhe.com About the Authors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, OregonRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 PagesGrowth of Horlicks in India in 2010. 10 10 new compounds and vaccines starting phase III clinical trials since the start of 2010. 14% We are committed to improving returns in RD, aiming to increase our estimated return on investment in this area to 14%. c.1bn Units of Lucozade, Ribena and Horlicks manufactured in the UK every year. 2 New Consumer Healthcare Research and Innovation centres opened in China and India. Vaccines Emerging markets 1.4bn Doses of our vaccines supplied

Marketing Plan For an EU Destination Aimed at Penetrating a Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2461 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Write a marketing plan for an EU destination (excluding the United Kingdom) aimed at penetrating a market that that is not currently the main market for the destination. Marketing Portugal to the North American market Introduction Portugal is a major tourist destination in Europe, with the capital of Lisbon attracting more tourists than any other European city aside from Barcelona and other tourist areas in the country such as the Algarve and Porto also attracting significant numbers of tourists. However, the tourist industry is still dominated by British, Spanish and German tourists, who make up the majority of the tourists in the country thanks to the prevalence of low cost airlines in Europe (Portugal.org, 2009). This is in spite of the fact that Portugal has around 220 days of sunshine each year, some of the best golf courses in the world, and a unique culture and gastronomy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marketing Plan For an EU Destination Aimed at Penetrating a Market" essay for you Create order As such, this piece aims to develop a marketing plan to attract more tourists from North America, specifically the United States and Canada, to visit Portugal. This will be achieved via an analysis of the nature of the environment around the Portuguese tourist industry the rationale for focusing on North America and the specific offerings and competitive advantage possessed by Portugal. These analyses will be used to create a marketing plan, including strategies, tactics and control mechanisms. The marketing plan will utilise available secondary data, as well as identifying and applying any relevant theories. The business environment and the risks, threats and opportunities facing the country Tourism is now of significant importance to the economy of Portugal, with the service sector now having surpassed manufacturing and agriculture as a key source of income for the country (Portugal.org, 2009). This growth in importance in Portugal has been mirrored in a significant overall growth in the market for tourism around the world, which offers many countries the chance to capitalise on their natural resources. However, thus far Portugal has been unable to truly harness these opportunities, as it faces significant challenges in opening up its appeal to a wider demographic segment. This is because Portugal is largely characterised as being purely a beach destination, giving the country limited competitive standing in the global market (Yasin et al, 2004). Another critical issue in the business environment is the drive towards environmental quality and the sustainable development of tourism. This is placing increasing pressure on countries to preserve their natural capital a nd balance growth with the potential impacts of tourism (Videira et al, 2006). As such, any attempt by Portugal to develop its tourism industry into more areas will need to consider the environmental impacts, and the effects which this will have on the countrys standing as a tourist destination. In addition to this, the global tourism market has faced downward pressure from issues such as SARS and international terrorism, making it difficult to attract tourists from a wide range of markets. This has further increased the demands for quality management and product differentiation; as well as significant market diversification. Costa (2004) argues that this increases the demands on human resources in the industry, and that significant training and development is needed to ensure that Portugal meets the expectations of tourists in the future. Rationale for the selection of the market chosen as the focus for expansion The main rationale for choosing the North American market is that tourism plays a vital economic role in Portugal, due to its geographical location and the favourable weather conditions it experiences (Soukiazis and Proenà §a, 2008). As such, the economic success and growth of the country is strongly linked to the overall growth in per capita income from tourism, which will help bring the Portuguese economy up to the level of its EU peers. However, Soukiazis and Proenà §a (2008) argue that tourism can only be use to stimulate economic growth if the supply characteristics can be improved to bring in a wider range of more affluent tourists. This implies that any expansion of the country to attract other tourists should focus on major markets, where the population is sufficiently affluent to make an incremental contribution. As a result, North America is a natural choice due to the high levels of per capita income enjoyed by the United States and Canada. In addition, the fact tha t tourists from North America would need to take a fairly expensive transatlantic flight to reach the destination means that they are likely to stay longer and spend more in the country to maximise their experience. This will make them more valuable than many European tourists who use budget airlines and stay in cheap lodgings for short breaks. In addition, Lisbon has transatlantic connections with many major US cities, and English is widely spoken as a second language in Portugal, making it easier for North American tourists to visit and enjoy the country (Portugal Economic Studies, 2007). Products and services offered by the country, and their relevance to the selected market Portugal has significant products and services on offer, many of which are quite unique in Europe. The country has consistently high levels of sunshine, offering beach holidays, but also has a well preserved rural atmosphere and natural beauty, which will appeal to people from major North American cities eager to see some traditional European culture. In addition, Portugal has many natural thermal baths and medicinal spring, which makes it an attractive destination for tourism for health purposes (Portugal,org, 2009). This could also appeal to older people in North America or those who are concerned by recent health issues such as obesity and wish to improve their health. Finally, the climate in the Algarve region has led to the development of high quality golfing holidays, which is a key service for people looking for a relaxing sporting holiday (Correia et al, 2006). Indeed, the country is ranked as one of the premier golfing destinations in the world (Portugal.org, 2009). The countrys competencies and sources of competitive advantage Aguas et al (2000) carried out a portfolio analysis of Portugal to determine the factors which give it competitiveness and attractiveness as a tourist destination. The results of this study indicated that the countrys main advantage comes from its climate and high quality beaches, indicating that the country is primarily seen as a venue for beach holidays, and this is its main source of competitive advantage. However, correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were also used to examine the contingent nature of many of these factors. This analysis indicated that Portugals position as a major destination for beach holidays was also supported by its status as a more rural and less developed holiday destination, with a culture and cuisine which had not yet been subverted by the tourism industry, giving Portugual a more unique source of advantage to exploit, and also to protect (Aguas, 2000). Further to this, Foreign Affairs journal (2008) also supports the mild climate; hig h quality beaches; and the distinctive Portuguese cuisine as key competencies of the tourism industry in Portugal. This is supported by the fact that Lisbon is a major destination for cruise ships, which provides additional indirect tourism from the passengers taking said cruises. In addition to this, Portugals per capita GDP growth has not kept pace with the rest of the European Union, and is now less than two thirds of the average value for the EU-27 group (Background Notes on Countries of the World, 2008). This acts to make services and some goods cheaper for tourists when compared to other tourist destinations such as Spain, France and Italy, and this has supported significant growth in the tourism sector in Portugal, which in 2008 was much higher than neighbouring Spain (Foreign Affairs, 2008). Aims and objectives for the plan and the setting of future objectives In spite of the competitive advantage possessed by Portugal, Ramos et al (2000) argues that Portugals tourist sector is lacking in clear strategies on issues such as differentiation and market positioning, making it difficult for the country to appeal to specific market segments. This is largely due to dependence on the climate and environmental factors to attract tourists; excessive levels of governmental control; a lack of experience in reaching new markets; and too much dependence on central EU funds for making investments (Ramos et al, 2000). This implies that Portugal is struggling with the first stages of the AIDA marketing model, in that it is failing to obtain the attention or interest of its key market segments (Ferrell and Hartline, 2005). As such, one of the key objectives of the plan must be to obtain a good understanding of the North American market and its key customer segments, and develop differentiated offerings which will appeal to said segments and attract touris ts. This will allow Portugal to obtain more attention and interest from the North American market, which is a key part of the consumer decision making process. Indeed, the evidence indicates that the AIDA model is more appropriate than the other theories for the consumer decision making process, such as the SIVA model (Dev and Schultz, 2005), when considering tourists. This is because tourists are likely to only consider destinations which have attracted their attention, hence product focused models are less likely to succeed. This explains why many destination based tourist marketing advertisements simply focus on putting the destination in peoples minds, rather than attempting to get them to make a decision to visit (Blumberg, 2005). This implies that the main aim of the plan should be increasing the level of attention and interest in Portugal. This can be supported by marketing highlighting the range of facilities Portugal offers, the prices for goods in the country relative t o those in North America, and the ease of access on direct transatlantic flights. Future objectives can then be focused on increasing the absolute volume of tourists coming from North America. Action plan-strategies and tactics for sales, advertising and promotion strategies Given that this marketing plan is simply aimed at penetrating the North American market, and not attempting to dominate it, it is clear that care should be taken to ensure that the promotion is not too aggressive, and establishes Portugal in a positive light, as an aggressive marketing style in inappropriate for destination marketing (Blumberg, 2005). As such, strategies and tactics for sales should be based on developing relationships with US based travel agents and airlines and incentivising them to promote Portugal as an alternative destination to other major holiday destinations, whilst not being too aggressive. This could be supported by negotiating discounted deals with hotels and accommodation for transatlantic passengers to increase their cost advantages. This promotional strategy can be reinforced by an advertising strategy which attempts to get North American tourists to consider Portugal as a viable holiday destination, perhaps through comparisons with other destinati ons. For example, a comparison could be made between the flight time from New York to California and to Portugal, which should be roughly similar. Favourable climate and sunshine comparisons could also be made with Caribbean destinations, which often experience tropical storms and hence may have less sunshine in some months. Ultimately, the aim of the advertising and promotion strategies will be to get people to consider Portugal as a desirable holiday destination, similar to the other mainstream North American destinations, and also provide discounts which will encourage them to make the decision to visit. This will be supported by the relationships with travel agents. Marketing control plans for evaluation and feedback The main consideration when developing the marketing control plans is that, as Portugal is a relatively new destination for most North American tourists, they will may little expectations of their trips, and hence the marketing plan needs to develop positive and realistic expectations of the destination (Blumberg, 2005). These expectations can be understood through the use of marketing surveys which ask tourists what their expectations were before visiting the country and how their visit lived up to these destinations. This will provide feedback for increasing advertising focus in the areas where expectations were exceeded, and toning down the advertising in areas where it was felt that expectations were not completely fulfilled. The control method could include a short survey distributed to passengers waiting to board their return flights from the airport, however care should be taken not to impose this on the passengers who may be tired. Another critical aspect of marketing co ntrol for destination marketing is that the destination marketing will be carried out by a central body which does not have much involvement in managing the destination itself, in terms of the accommodation, facilities and services (Blumberg, 2005). As such, a key part of the marketing control should involve regular communication between the marketing body and the providers of services to ensure that service providers are aware of the nature of the marketing communications and the marketers are aware of the limitations of the service providers, and hence do not make excessive claims. References 1. A ´guas, P. Costa, J. and Rita, P. (2000) A tourist market portfolio for Portugal. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management; Vol. 12, Issue 7, p. 394. 2. Background Notes on Countries of the World (2008) ECONOMY. Background Notes on Countries of the World: Portugal; April 2008, p. 5. 3. Blumberg, K. (2005) Tourism destination marketing – A tool for destination management? A case study from Nelson/Tasman Region, New Zealand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 10, Issue 1, p. 45-57. 4. Correia, A. Videira, N. Alves, I. Ramires, C. Subtil, R. and Martins, M. V. (2006) Tourism golf scenarios: The Algarve case. Tourism Hospitality Research; Vol. 6, Issue 3, p. 179-196. 5. Costa, J. (2004) The Portuguese tourism sector: key challenges for human resources management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management; Vol. 16, Issue 7, p. 402-407. 6. Dev, C. S. and Schultz, D. E. (2005) In the Mix: A Customer-Focused Approach Can Bring the Current Marketing Mix into the 21st Century. Marketing Management; Vol. 14, Issue 1. 7. Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M. (2005). Marketing Strategy. Thomson South-Western. 8. Foreign Affairs (2008) The West Coast of Europe. Foreign Affairs; Vol. 87, Issue 2, special section p. 16. 9. Portugal Economic Studies (2007) 2 Macro-Accessibility In Portugal: 2.8 Travel Risks. Portugal Economic Studies; 2007, p. 37-38. 10. Portugal.org (2009) Welcome to Portugal. https://www.portugal.org/index.shtml Accessed 10th March 2009. 11. Ramos, P. Salazar, A. and Gomes, J. (2000) Trends in Portuguese tourism: a content analysis of association and trade representative perspectives. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management; Vol. 12, Issue 7, p. 409. 12. Soukiazis, E. and Proenà §a, S. (2008) Tourism as an alternative source of regional growth in Portugal: a panel data analysis at NUTS II and III levels. Portuguese Economic Journal; Vol. 7, Issue 1, p. 43-61. 13. Vid eira, N. Correia, A. Alves, I. Ramires, C. Subtil, R. and Martins, V. (2006) Environmental and economic tools to support sustainable golf tourism: The Algarve experience, Portugal. Tourism Hospitality Research; Vol. 6, Issue 3, p. 204-217. 14. Yasin, M. Alavi, J. Sobral, F. and Lisboa, J. (2004) A Shift-Share Analysis Approach to Understanding the Dynamic of the Portuguese Tourism Market. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing; Vol. 17, Issue 4, p. 11-22.

The Evolution Of Science And Christian Thought Essay

Ape to Human Jackie Williams BIO 396: Topics in Biology and Christian Thought November 30, 2016 I distinctly remember sitting in my 9th grade Biology class as Mr. Shorba projected the classic picture of an ape progressively evolving into a human, and explained to the class Darwin’s theory of evolution. However, being raised in a conservative Christian home, I did not listen to one word of the evolution lecture, as I had already made up my mind as to what I believed in. Although I still believe in creationism, my take on learning about evolution has drastically shifted as I have realized the importance of understanding this popular theory. In Jonathan Well’s book, Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth, he dissects well-known evolutionists arguments with explanations as to how they are falsifiable. In chapter eleven of Wells’ book he explains to his audience the theory of the evolution of humans from apes; otherwise known as the ultimate icon. Darwin explains this theory of macroevolution as the distinctive features that humans have as being present because of natural selection acting on small variables (Wells, 2001). In 1863, Thomas Henry Huxley published a book entitled, Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature, where he compared the commonalities between the human skeleton and the ape skeleton (Wells, 2001). Although Huxley did not believe humans were direct descendants of apes, his findings lead to the construction of Charles Darwin’s Descent to Man, inShow MoreRelatedEvolution Of Science Classes At School1653 Words   |  7 PagesBeing raised in a Christian family, I have attended Catholic school my whole life. That being said, I have grown up studying Bible stories since before I can remember. Probably the most prominent and well-known of these stories i n Christian theology is, of course, the story of creation. To this day, I still remember how the story goes. On the first day, God created the earth and daylight. For six days after, he continued creation and included the sky, the ocean, plants, animals, and humans. GrowingRead MoreThe Theory Of Science And Christian Belief1345 Words   |  6 PagesProvided that science still requires repeatable and measurable outcomes, the thought that eukaryotes produced sophisticated human life capable of high functioning individuals when they could not even develop the most basic features is preposterous. Although the previous claim may have been overstepped, there are claims of theistic evolution that offer a logical argument to a personal creation by the Living God. Arguments that God could take inert objects, add a dash of mutation, conceptualize andRead MoreThe evolution of apes was a possibility in the 19th century. Although religion had been cherished600 Words   |  3 PagesThe evolution of apes was a possibility in the 19th century. Although religion had been cherished for centuries, the doubts in people’s mines began to express many uncertainties about the bible and started to question their own beliefs. The issue of evolution was a huge concern in the 19th century as it was destroying the view of god and how he made the world; this caused many people to either change their views on life or their religion which had a huge part in resolving people’s beliefs in theirRead MoreCreationism, The, And The Intelligent Designers1125 Words   |  5 PagesIs the Bible capable of supporting the idea of evolution? This is a question that tends to leave many Christians divided between science and theology. Over the years, various views have been formed in regards to this question. The Young Earth Creationists strongly oppose any mention of evolution. Old Earth Creationism is an umbrella term for the various ways in which Christians believe evolution fits into creation. Within this group are the theistic evolutionists, the progressive creationists, andRead MoreEvolution And Its Impact On Students Worldview1310 Words   |  6 PagesPerhaps the greatest challenge in the Christian academic community surrounds the question of evolution and its impact on students’ worldview. Trepidation concerning the topic of evolution and its implications may launch students into a pit of uncertainty and doubt. This outcome is certain if the topic at hand is presented in such a way that fails to encounter students’ questions in an academically enriching environment. Historically, the act of challenging notions of familiarity results in outcomesRead MoreOriginal Creation of Earth1117 Words   |  5 Pagesand every other object on the earth. Every word of the Bible is true. Every day, creation scientists are finding more and more evidence to support the six days of creation. There is nothing wrong with science, but in the end it is the fallible word of man. 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Darwinism was not intended to be anti-religiousRead MoreThe Debate Between Evolution and Creationism1648 Words   |  7 PagesIf the question was posed as to what is the debate between creationism vs. evolution consist of, the thought that it is ‘â€Å"God did it† vs. â€Å"Natural processes did it,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Scott, 2004) may arise. Science cannot absolutely prove or disprove Creation or Evolution. Yet scientist and the remainder of society use creationism and evolution to prove our existence. Creationist believe in the Christian account of the origin as recorded i n Genesis. Creationism is the belief that statements such as â€Å"In the beginningRead MoreScience Teachers and Professors Should Not Teach Creationism 1231 Words   |  5 Pagesso people can understand what the debate is about,† it is up to the school to teach evolution, while families or other educators should inform their children and students about creationism or any other type of creation myth or legend. As a matter of fact, a transparent explanation for this tenet efficiently emerges: the â€Å"sides† of the debate are more than two; therefore, there is no reason to consider evolution and creationism, but not the Chinese principle of â€Å"Yin and Yang† or the Greek philosophers’Read MoreEdward Larsons Work Summer For The Gods1199 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Piltdown skull† and bridged a gap in history that seemed to confirm Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin s account of random variations, coupled with his survival-of-the-fittest selection process, posed a critical problem for many Christians who retained a teleological view of nature.† (Larson, 17) This threat to Christian spirituality sparked an anti-evolution movement in an attempt to revoke the teachings of evolution in public school systems. The Tennessee House of Representatives soon passed a statute

The Madonn An Ultimate Symbol Of Power - 1025 Words

The Madonna: An Ultimate Symbol of Power In Rogier van der Weyden’s the Madonna, Mary is portrayed as a powerful but matronly figure. Mary was hand picked by God to carry the savior, Jesus. By doing this, God shows his trust in Mary’s power to overcome the worldly views of conception before marriage. Not only was Mary powerful enough to give birth to Jesus, she was brave enough to take on the daunting task. Mary set an example of the power and internal strength women possess, and Rogier van der Wyden captured that perfectly in his painting the Madonna. In the Madonna, Mary is standing tall and proud while breastfeeding the baby Jesus. Her face shows the glow of a proud mother and confident woman. Mary not only shows power by bringing life into this world, but also by continuing to feed and nurture Jesus. A woman has the gift to bring new life into the world, and to keep that being healthy by feeding them from her own body. This work of art perfectly exemplifies all of the different aspects of what a woman contributes to the human life. Rogier van der Weyden used key details to show the importance of the two figures in this painting. He covered Mary with in a long royal colored sheet that those of great prominence would wear. On top of the royal color clothing, Mary has a crown on her head. He made her long tamed curls a rich and vibrant color that gives the painting life and excitement. As for the baby Jesus, Rogier painted him wrapped in a white cloth as a symbol of his

Romanticism in American Literature Free Essays

string(146) " first happens at their second meeting when he is overwhelmed by her royal appearance, her foot on a tame leopard, before they ride out together\." Tennyson, in â€Å"The Princess† describes, under the diagnosis of catalepsy, probable temporal lobe epileptic dreamy states with deterioration which serve as a adaptor of sexual and moral ambivalence, the poem’s central theme. It seems that Tennyson knew such seizures from his own father who had been given a diagnosis of catalepsy. Poe gave his Bernice in the novella of the same title a diagnosis of epilepsy as a reason for a premature burial. We will write a custom essay sample on Romanticism in American Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, there was a good deal of unlikelihood in this, and when he came to this theme in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and in â€Å"The Premature Burial† he chose instead a diagnosis of catalepsy which fitted better with the plot. The fits of the title character in George Elite’s Sills Manner, ignored as catalepsy, would today rather be seen as epileptic twilight states. It would seem that this author drew from contemporary dictionary descriptions which described conditions similar to Manner’s fits under the heading of catalepsy. In Elite’s â€Å"legend with a realistic treatment†, the twilight states are a central factor in the plot and explain Manner’s reclusion and passivity. In Poor Miss Finch by English realist Willie Collins, the postgraduates seizures of Oscar, one of the main characters, their cause, their treatment with silver nitrate, and the subsequent disconsolation of his kin are central supporting elements of a perfectly constructed plot. Collins gives an exact description of a right aversive seizure with secondary generalization, and how to deal with it. In none of these works seizures are seen in a negative light. They rather evoke reactions of sympathy and support. Keywords: Anglo-American literature, disease in fiction, romanticism, realism, Tennyson, Poe, George Eliot, Willie Collins. INTRODUCTION The romantics were fascinated by unusual behavior and exceptional psychic phenomena. Psychiatric illness was threatening and unexplored UT also had the attraction of the morbid and was a poetic treasure chest. For the literature in the realistic period, illness remained an important theme in general because the dark sides of life were not to be neglected, and we can thank the great English realists for sometimes being the first to give us De- tailed descriptions of pathological conditions, such as developmental dyslexia in Dickens’ Bleak House Jacob, 1992). For this reason it is not surprising to find epilepsy represented in literature written in the middle of the nineteenth century. Here we also meet the term catalepsy and a relationship between the two diagnoses warrants our examination. Address correspondence to: Peter Wolf, Plenipotentiary Bethel, Kline Mar l, Marriage 21, D – 33617 Believed, Germany. Tell: +49-521-1443686. Fax: +49-521-1444637. E-mail: panorama. De. EPILEPSY CATALEPSY IN ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE 287 ALFRED TENNYSON: â€Å"THE PRINCESS† Alfred Tennyson (1808-1892) was one of the main literary figures in the middle of the last century in England. The pair of terms seizures and catalepsy in his â€Å"Princess† (1847-1851), a long narrative poem, has gently been pursued by an American philologist, Barbara Herb Wright (1987), who is married to a neurologist. The Princess† first appeared in 1847, and in a reworked second edition in 1848. In the third edition in 1850, six songs were added between each of the chapters and in the fourth edition Weird seizures’ are mentioned for the first time but then as an essential element of the composition. The literary studies’ dispute about this element’s artistic val ue and function, as well as the author’s refusal to comment on the question, has been depicted in detail by Ms Wright. Tennyson called his work a ‘medley. The structure is multifaceted, and it has allegorical, discursive and ironic elements. The story uses the story-in-story technique. On the first level, the story narrator and a group of fellow students visit the castle of one of the students. The student comes from a very old family and has found an ancestor in his family tree, a lady who, ‘miracle of noble womanhood’ (p. 154), has defended the fortress in full armor and weapons against its foes. At a garden party Lila, his friend’s sister appears, ‘half child, half woman’ (p. 55; the half ND half motif, the ‘inebriate’ is a basic motif of this work), and decorates the statue of a warlike ancestor with her head scarf and silk stole while talking about women’s oppression and the founding of a radical Amazon state. In the next seven chapters the seven students tell the story of such a community: The prince and princess of two neighboring kingdoms have been engaged to marry since thei r childhood. When the father of the prince sends for the bride-to-be with pomp and presents, her father writes a letter saying she wants to live alone with her women, and not wed. When the elderly king, father of the prince, hears this, he wants to declare war but the prince sets off to clear up the situation himself. Two friends accompany him, also to help him in the event that he should have seizures. The seizures are the result of a curse on his family, laid on them long ago by a man who a former ancestor had burned as a sorcerer because he cast no shadow: none of their blood should know the shadow from the substance, image from reality, and one ‘should come to fight with shadows and to fall’ (p. 1 57). For this reason Waking dreams were an old and strange affection of the house’ (p. 57), and the curse manifests itself in the prince as Weird seizures’ (p. 157) which are marked with deterioration experiences. The prince hears from the princess’ gentle, peace-loving father that she has withdrawn to their summer castle, founded a women’s university and now holds a purely female court: no male being may enter the area under penalty of death. But the prince and his friends dress up as girls and go there. They are discovered and have to flee. The fact that the prince has saved the princess from drowning does not help. During this time period the prince has two seizures without the princess noticing. The first happens at their second meeting when he is overwhelmed by her royal appearance, her foot on a tame leopard, before they ride out together. You read "Romanticism in American Literature" in category "Papers" During their excursion his love, previously unnoticed, blossoms. The second seizure happens when he lets himself be despicably thrown out by her, even though he not only saved her life, but is also convinced by and willing to accept the equal rights of women. Both times the princess appears to him as a shadow in his seizures, whereas otherwise he admires her for her uncompromising consistency and loves her because she sticks to her cause in a more straightforward manner than others. War is declared, the prince and one of the princess’ brothers defending the princess fight against each other along with 50 of the best knights on both sides. The prince remembers the prophecy that one of his family will fight against shadows, gets a seizure, and goes into battle although he is still in a dreamy state. He and his group of men lose the battle. He is seriously injured, and experiences his long recuperation period as a continuation of the seizure. After clearly winning the war, the princess becomes less rigorous in her attitude and takes care of the 288 PETER WOLF prince and all of the other injured on both sides. The prince and princess forgive each other and the question of dream or reality, shadow or substance, becomes a question about who the princess really is, what her essence is. Is it the masculine unwillingness to compromise with which she tries to demonstrate her rationality or rather the other side, which allows for feelings of pity, gratitude, love, and duty? As this is decided, the prince’s seizures cease and he changes into a stronger, more masculine person. He can convince the princess that her holding a purely female court was not right for her, not genuine, only a copy of the male world. The prince and princess, until then both a cross between male and female, discover one another. They also both find their own selves in the recognition that man and woman remain incomplete, only half of a whole, as long as each attempts to be whole alone, or as long as one sees the other as the dominate or superior one. The court physician diagnosed the prince’s seizures as ‘catalepsy (p. 1 57). We now know that Tennyson used, or at least owned, Quinsy’s medical dictionary of 1804 (Wright, 1987)), which defined catalepsy as ‘a sudden suppression of movement and perception where the DOD is immobilizers (freezes’) in its present position’. This comes in seizures, lasts a few minutes, seldom up to a few hours, and at the end the patients do not remember anything that has happened during the seizure. It is as if they awake from sleep (Wright, 1987). Interestingly enough, the prince’s seizures are described completely differently: Others notice nothing, he even fights in a battle during a seizure. Only his perception is altered. This change in perception usually only lasts for a short time. It seems to him as if he is surrounded by ghosts and he himself only a shadow of a dream. The princess appears to him as an incomplete sketch, her leopards as a fantastic painting, other people as empty masks. Things are present and not present at the same time, a scene Just experienced happened and at the same time did not happen. He is unable to tell the difference between reality and illusion. Ms. Wright (1987) was the first to suggest that epileptic seizures were being described here and she is without doubt correct: These are focal seizures of the temporal lobe with illusionary experiences of De-realization and diversification – a type of seizure that was underscored in medicine at Tennyson time. How did Tennyson know about them? There were several cases of epilepsy in his immediate family, for example his father, as can be seen by a letter describing his situation which fits the diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy. We also know that doctors told the family that his seizures were ‘catalepsy rather than epilepsy (Wright, 1987). This could have been intended to calm the family or make the diagnosis sound less threatening. On the other hand, it is also unknown how clearly a distinction between the terms catalepsy and epilepsy was made in the early nineteenth century (Teeming, 1971)1. Trances also play a securing role in the rest of Tennyson work, and it is well known that he often set himself into trances by repeating his own name. But the description of the subjective seizure experiences in the â€Å"Princess†, whose origin and terminology seem to be explained by Wright, stands alone, and the seizures have their special literary sense as metaphor for the indecision and insecurity that leads to the main theme of the story. EDGAR ALLAN POE: â€Å"BERNICE†, â€Å"THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER† AND â€Å"THE PREMATURE BURIAL† The possibility that Poe was also a model for Tennyson and the use of catalepsy as a motif in his writings cannot be excluded. Tennyson was deeply affected by Poe, admired him, and contributed substantially to the literary acceptance of the American in England – in nineteenth century something not to be taken for granted. (The 1 . Something similar may have been true, in the public mind, for the terms epilepsy and apoplexy. Thacker in Inanity Fair† seems once to have mixed them up (Wolf, 1995), and simple-minded Joe Gagger, in Dickens’ â€Å"Great Expectations† says his father went off in a purple elliptic fit, obviously meaning apoplectic. † 289 other way around, Pope’s lyric was influenced by Tennyson. Poe created a figure with he diagnosis of epilepsy, Bernice, in the story carrying her name in 1835. The story belongs to a group of dismal fatalistic novellas, and he needs a progressive physical and mental illness for Bernice, which would also make it plausible for her to appear dead. The story is told in the first person from the point of view of Usages. Usages live s in a lonely mansion with his beautiful cousin Bernice. Bernice has ‘a species of epilepsy not infrequently terminating in trance itself – trance very nearly resembling positive dissolution’ (p. 172). In a reversal and projection that is not typical for Poe, Usages does not explain these trances but rather his own, which are trances or daydreams induced by concentrating on coincidental objects or meditation on trivial words. Bernice and Usages become engaged. In the progression of her disease Bernice loses her beauty. One day in her altered condition she silently stands in front of him. In an unexpected smile of peculiar meaning her splendid white teeth which have remained perfect are exposed and their overleaf image becomes the focus of a monomania, a daydream of his lasting several days. During this time he is vaguely aware that she has seizures one ironing. In the evening she appears to be dead and so is buried. His state of trance continues. Finally, he awakens out of his trance with a bad feeling, a vague recollection of a deed, of the shrill cry of a woman’s voice. He learns from a menial who is wild with terror that Prince’s grave has been violated, and that she has been found in her grave still alive: There is a spade leaning on the wall next to him. As he opens a little box that he finds on his table without knowing how it got there, dental surgery instruments fall out together with thirty-two small, white, and ivory-looking substances’ (p. 77). Behind the similarity of Usages’ and Tennyson self-induced daydreams and trances no hidden allusions should be suspected. These things are a part of the type of psychic experiments that the romantics were enthusiastic about. Nevertheless, the affinity in motif and the relationship to epilepsy that both authors created are worthy of being mentioned. Poe must have noticed that it was unlikely for someone known to have epilepsy to have seizures in a familiar environment in the morning and on the same evening to be declared dead and buried. He prepares the reader by mentioning some pages fore that Bernice, in most cases, recovered from her seizures surprisingly rapidly, but the construction remains dubious. Perhaps this is the reason he gives Madeline of Usher another diagnosis to allow her to be mistakenly buried alive a few years later in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† . She has transient affections of a partially cataleptic character’ (p. 82), and this leaves more room for the unlikely. Madeline appears only once before her apparent death. The narrator, a friend of her brother Redbrick, talks about her appearance: she ‘passed through a remote portion of the apartment, and, without having noticed my presence, disappeared’ (p. 182). She is not described in more detail (unusual for Poe); foremost i s the feeling her appearance leaves in the narrator and her brother observing her: ‘A sensation of stupor oppressed me as my eyes followed her retreating steps’ (p. 182). Her appearance causes her brother to sorrowfully bury his face in his hands. Later they lay her in her coffin although there still is ‘a faint blush upon the bosom and the face, as usual in all maladies of strictly cataleptic character’ (p. 186). In spite of the improbability, Madeline manages to fight her way out of the coffin, and presents herself in silent reproach to her brother who must have suspected she had not really been dead. Poe must have been virtually obsessed with the idea of being buried alive: It plays an important role, for example, in the early tale â€Å"Algeria†, and later became a theme in a own story with the title â€Å"The Premature Burial†. This begins with reports about actual live burials and leads to describing the fear associated with waking up in a coffin after being buried. The narrator, who believes that such things happen more often Han people suspect, tells his own story of being ill with increasingly frequent and long cataleptic seizures, trances, semi-syncope, and 290 his growing fear that he will be buried in such a state. He takes extensive organizational precautions to prevent such an incident, but it does not calm him in the least. He talks about a further symptom, a disassociated awakening with very slow reorientation, preparing the scene for a cathartic experience ending the entire terrible episode: He awakens one day in a tight wooden chamber in total darkness with the smell of damp earth around him, and experiences the real horror of being ride alive. He remembers that he had been on a hunting excursion when a storm arose and that he fled to a barge laden with garden McCollum and went to sleep in a very tight berth. Now he can shake away his fear – and he also loses the catalepsy which had perhaps been less the cause than the consequence of his fears (p. 271). Here the construction of the disease history – especially with the final considerations – is really convincing. Nevertheless, this tale is one of Pope’s less familiar stories and literally not fully satisfying due to the approximate balance between reported facts ND fiction being only loosely connected. Poe apparently did not use Quince for his catalepsy motif, but another source, since his descriptions are completely different. They seem to be based on a tradition that Could and Pyle (1896) summarize: ‘Catalepsy, trance and lethargy, lasting for days or weeks, are really examples of spontaneously developed mesmeric sleep in hysteric patients or subjects of incipient insanity. It is in this condition that the lay Journals find argument for their stories of premature burial’. GEORGE ELIOT: â€Å"SILLS MANNER† In contrast, it seems that George Eliot (pseudonym or Mary Ann Evans, 1819-1880) also used Quinsy’s Medical Dictionary or a similar source to describe the seizures of the title figure in Sills Manner (1861), because her description corresponds much more exactly to Quinsy’s definition than Tennyson. In Sills Manner the seizures of the title figure, a poor linen weaver, are an important structural element of the story. They are conditions that can last from a few minutes to an hour or more, and which are described in the book as trance or cataleptic seizures. When Manner has such a seizure he falls into an unconscious and snootiness stiffness with an empty look in his eyes. The seizures leave him with amnesia and Manner is not even aware of having had a seizure. At first, his community, a ‘narrow religious sect’, the middle point and content of Manner’s life, where he is respected for his faith and exemplary life style, interpret the seizures as a mark of his being specially chosen by God, as visitations of divine origin. But as the man who Manner thinks of as his best friend becomes his rival, he uses Manner’s seizures to discredit him in the community by indicating his seizures might also have satanic origins (p. 0). Furthermore, he deals a devastating blow by blaming Manner for a theft that occurs during a death wake when Manner is in a trance. Manner is exiled and emigrates to a faraway region where he sets up his weaving loom in a hut at the edge of the village (up. 11-15). There he lives a secluded hermit-like existence for 15 years. Despairing of God and his fellow man, he only thinks of his work and of his treasure of gold, sovereigns, that he has managed to scrape together by living so frugally. In this village he is also known for having fits and this contributes to his role as an outsider. When Manner leaves his hut on an errand one stormy evening, someone steals his treasure, leaving him empty-handed for the second time. But in contrast to the first time, he becomes integrated into the community because the members have pity on him (p. 03). Then a third event happens, when he is in a twilight state which falls over him while standing in the open door of his hut: When he awakens from the trance he perceives a vague, golden shimmer in his hut that he at first believes must be the expected return of his gold coins; but it is the golden hair of a little orphan girl who has sought shelter in 91 the hut (p. 1 51). He accepts the child and raises her with the help of a neighbor and a happy time starts now and last s into his old gage. The treasure is also found again. It is discovered – and the reader is told this early in the story – that the father of the child and the thief are the same person. All these motifs are woven together in a very complex manner and build into an artful design interwoven with the golden threads that make a legend. In a letter to her publisher, John Blackfoot, George Eliot characterized the work as ‘a sort of legendary tale’ which she ‘became inclined to give] a more realistic treatment’ (Karl, 1995). The disease is of utmost importance in explaining the necessary static and passivity of the title figure which would normally be unnatural. It also allows for unexplainable events to happen which contribute to the story’s legendary quality. Sills Manner is one of the most perfect of the literary works in which an epileptic disease is an essential stylistic element. Today we use the term catalepsy to describe a condition of motionless rigidity which can occasionally be observed over a longer period of time with androgenic psychosis or with severe life-threatening brain diseases. The seizures with impairment of consciousness from which Sills Manner suffered would today no longer be classified as catalepsy but as twilight states, and epilepsy would primarily be considered the cause. A recent biographer of Eliot (Karl, 1995) talks about Manner’s epileptic fits as a matter of course. It seems as though Eliot did not use direct observation in describing catalepsy but relied on the lexicographic definition. This included certain epileptic phenomena and catalepsy and epilepsy were probably not strictly separated at that time. Earlier, catalepsy had even been considered a variant of epilepsy (Teeming, 1971). AS we have seen in the case of Tennyson, catalepsy may sometimes have been used as a euphemism for epilepsy (see above). WILLIE COLLINS: â€Å"POOR MISS FINCH† Willie colitis (1824-1889), a mend of Charles Dickens, is considered together with Dickens and George Eliot to be one of the great English realists of the nineteenth century. His Poor Miss Finch (1872) is one of the books in which epilepsy plays a key role in the construction of the plot. Oscar loves the beautiful, capricious, and blind Lucille who also loves him. His twin brother, the ruthless Nugent tries to be his rival. Their voices are indistinguishable and they have he same features to someone who looks at them or touches them. An eye specialist appears on the scene who is able to make Lucille see by operating on her. Like some blind people, Lucille can imagine colors, loves everything light and hates everything dark. This almost leads the bad Nugent to succeed because he argues that when Lucille will see Oscar she is sure to despise him: His skin is disclosure to a blackish blue as a result of the treatment of his epilepsy with silver nitrate (p. 3). Oscar fears the day she will be able to see him but argues nevertheless unselfishly and generously for the controversial operation. Lucille then reacts completely different than expected and there is a happy end. In this novel Collins was particularly interested in the discoveries that had been made throughout the 18th and 19th century about what people born blind or who became blind in ear ly childhood could sense or experience and how, after successful operation on their eyes, they reacted and learned to create a visual environment. These reports deal extensively with theories about the conception of space and the construction of visual space, and with Molybdenum’s problem, whether a congenitally blind person who had learned to extinguish and name forms like a sphere and a cube by touch would be able to distinguish and identify these forms visually if the faculty of sight was recovered (v. Sender, 1960). Collins was more interested in the sys- 2. The village doctor who has been called to the scene is mildly made fun of by the author: the sages of the village urge Manner strongly to smoke a pipe â€Å"as a practice ‘good for the fits’; and this advice was sanctioned by Dry. Kimball, on the ground that it was as well to try what could do no harm – a principle which was made to answer for a great deal of work in that gentleman’s medical practice† (p. 91). Manner follows this advice faithfully even though he actually dislikes tobacco and it doesn’t really help. 92 ecological and moral responses of his characters to such an event. His description of the tests and tasks that are given his heroine by her doctor shows that he conducted thorough research for the story. Likewise, the epilepsy is not Just there but the result of a brain trauma (p. 68) from a robbery which has its own function in the carefully constructed story. In order to make the blackening of the skin more credible people with the same coloring appear marginally twice in the story (up. 3,269). Is that exaggerated? Apparently not. The treatment of epilepsy with silver nitrate was very common until the middle of the nineteenth century. One of the affected in Collins’ book says there are hundreds of people disclosure as I am, in the various parts of the civilized world’ (p. 84), and the English neurologist Todd complained that so many patients showed in the disconsolation of their faces the indelible marks of the ineffective treatment they had undergone (Teeming, 1971). Collins thinks better of Oscar and allows the treatment to be successful: His epilepsy is cured (p. 0). CONCLUSIONS Four authors from two consecutive epochs of literature in the English language gave four completely different pictures of illness: In Poe, the romanticist, the epileptic and cataleptic conditions are more conjured up than described, whereas not the seizures themselves but the motif of a slow physical and mental deterioration are a point of focus. The epileptic and cataleptic states are essential elements to the gloomy mood that seem to drive these stories into inevitable fatalistic catastrophes. Tennyson depicts subjective perception of seizures and has resalable found an authentic source so that we can correct the diagnosis of catalepsy. Eliot probably followed a lexicographic definition for her description of ‘cataleptic’ semi-conscious or trance states fairly exactly, but this definition subsumes symptoms of a condition which would nowadays be classified as epilepsy. Collins is furthest away from Poe. He virtually gives us a clinical case study with a matter-of- fact description of a seizure which begins with a wrenching aversive movement towards the right and the calm attitude of the doctor mastering the situation at hand. The diagnosis is given n a short and concise sentence, the etiology and therapy are a part of the case history in this realistic novel. Whereas with the earlier authors the distinction between epilepsy and catalepsy appears somewhat blurred, which may be typical for the time, Collins’ description of (post-traumatic) epilepsy and a focal seizure is fully correct. These four significant authors from the middle of the nineteenth century also handle the function of the seizures in the structure of their works very differently. Poe uses seizures as a reason for the supposed death and subsequent live burial. Tennyson uses De-realization during seizures as a metaphor for his basic motif of half and half, and for the indecision in the main characters. Once these are overcome, the seizures disappear. In Elite’s work, the occurrence of recurring seizures is necessary for the plot of the story, they are an important element for the legendary aspect and a reason for Sills Manner’s timidity and resolution to fate. For Collins, who like Dickens laid special value on clean construction in his books, Scar’s epilepsy is a central supporting element which combines many associations in a perfectly structured story. In none of the authors’ works are the seizures indifferent, a mere curiosity or spectacle. Nor are they seen in a negative light. They rather evoke reactions of support, and sympathy with 3. A frightful contortion fastened itself on Scar’s face. His eyes turned up hideously. From his head to foot his whole body was wrenched round, as if giant hands had twisted it, towards the right. Before I could speak, he was in convulsions on the floor at his doctor’s feet. ‘Good God, what is this! ‘ I cried out. The doctor loosened his cravat, and moved away the furniture that was near him. How to cite Romanticism in American Literature, Papers