Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay

I will be comparing classical and operant conditioning by explaining fear of heights. Fear of heights is known as Acrophobia. The phobia part does not occur until a person is in an environment that most people would be relatively fine in, such as attending a theme park or being in a building such as a sky scraper for example. Most of the time when treating someone with acrophobia therapists will use graded exposure therapy. Any fear starts by learning, so if a person has a fear of heights it is most likely due to an event that happened early on in life that made a dramatic change in the persons every day behavior, such as falling out of a tree at a young age. If a person has a severe phobia to heights behavior can vary. For example, a person can faint or have extreme anxiety when in an environment around heights. Another example to discuss, research does in fact prove that a certain amount of reluctance around heights is normal for humans and animals. In the 1960’s research psychologists J. Gibson and R. D.  Walker, conducted an experiment known as the visual cliff. The two researchers placed thirty six babies, one at a time on a counter top made of half solid plastic covered with a checkered cloth and the other half clear Plexiglas. Each baby would ponder when crawling and rely on the mother’s facial expression a happy expression would give the okay to keep crawling and an alarming look would signal the babies to stop crawling. This study shows that when we are faced to make an emotional decision people can be like the babies in the study done, we can remain on the counter top until we are faced with uncertainty. This study shows how cognition can be manipulated by emotion. So, if a person has a fear like heights, Psychologists often use conditioning or classical conditioning to help treat a person, because the fear is a learning process, and a person has to relearn which involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response. Doing this produces stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. The visual cliff example given, is a great example of a conditioned response. If a person is influenced or is given a negative response it can contribute to fear and through life if more traumatic experiences follow eventually a person can be manipulated by the fear. The more negative reinforcement is involved the bigger the fear develops. For someone having a fear of heights, if the person knows they have to go somewhere a meeting for example, and they have to take an elevator to the 50th , floor, in that persons mind they are going to be going crazy with negative thoughts and feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. But, if the person tells themselves after it is done with â€Å"well what was the big deal? What was I so afraid of? †. That negative reinforcement turns into positive reinforcement eventually. This is known as operant conditioning. Sometimes medication for anxiety may have to be prescribed by a psychiatrist if the fear is so excessive. Talking about the fear is a good start, a psychologist can then determine if the fear was learned possibly through observation or if the fear was through a learned experience. If fear of heights is affecting a person’s environment then a change needs to be made in order help treat the fear. By using positive reinforcement and determining if the person’s behavior from the fear was caused by learning through experience or observed environmentally, it can help determine how to further treat the person. But, if the fear goes untreated the anxiety and stress from it will only grow bigger creating more of an issue for the person and being able to live their everyday lifestyle. Psychotherapy is very helpful in treating anxiety disorders and phobias . In order to treat acrophobia a person needs to find a therapist who can meet their needs. Therapists ill help focus on the best way to treat the person with this disorder, the most common way is using cognitive behavioral therapy. Restructuring a person’s thoughts into positive thoughts is another helpful tip used, and talking about the fear and identifying what is causing the fear to become so out of control, and lastly meeting on a regular basis and determining if medication is needed and seeing what the person with this fear can do in their everyday lifestyle to make themselves more comfortable until they are eventually feeling like they have control over the fear and the fear is no longer controlling them.

Evidence of Chemical Change Essay

Purpose To observe several chemical changes (reactions) and the evidence they exhibit for chemical change. Data See page 3 Analysis The two terms that describe possible energy change in a chemical reaction are Exothermic, for example when a gas is formed when Copper II Chloride and Aluminum are mixed, and Endothermic, for example when copper II Hydroxide is heated. There are many substances used in this experiment, the elements are Hydrogen Gas, Aluminum, and solid Copper, the compounds are Copper II Nitrate, Sodium Hydroxide, Copper II Hydroxide, Copper II Oxide, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Nitrate, H2O, Copper II Chloride, and Aluminum Chloride. In the last step of this experiment Aluminum Chloride is not a solid like it should be at room temperature, it is dissolved into the mixture. In order to recover the Aluminum Chloride as a solid, you would have to evaporate out all of the water. The color of the solution Copper II Nitrate is blue and the color of the solution Copper II Chloride is blue. Of all the substances listed in the second question, the ones that dissolve in water are Sodium Nitrate, Aluminum Chloride, Copper II Nitrate, Sodium Hydroxide, and Hydrochloric Acid, the substances that do not dissolve in water are Copper II Hydroxide, Copper II Oxide, solid Copper, Aluminum, and Copper II Chloride. These equations are written referring to the procedures in this experiment a) copper(II) nitrate + sodium hydroxide → copper(II) hydroxide + sodium nitrate b) copper(II) hydroxide (+ heat) → copper(II) oxide + H2O c) copper(II) oxide + hydrochloric acid → copper(II) chloride + H2O d) copper(II) chloride + aluminum → solid copper + aluminum chloride e) aluminum + hydrochloric acid → hydrogen gas + aluminum chloride Four general observations seen in this experiment that indicate a chemical change has occurred are color change, energy change, gas formed, and solid formed.

Revised paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Revised paper - Essay Example The lessons are, therefore, well planned to help the students identify with the complex situations in life, to enhance their reading capabilities. The students are taken through advanced multicultural recipes to enable them to be familiar with the delicacies of the world. At the same time, this enables those who are familiar with the recipes to feel part and parcel of the class. The lesson plans are plans are designed to enable them to enhance their listening then reading skills. The teacher will read aloud; this helps the students remember and store the pronunciation in their brains. This helps them to read and say the words correctly the next time they are in the position to speak this words. The teacher will also aim at improving the conversation skills of the students by asking them to assume scenarios in life and talk to one another in reference to these scenarios. This will develop the ability of the students to talk and ask for things in real life. The lessons are also planned to improve the students’ ability to sieve out the relevant information from excerpts. This will enable them to be able to pick out clues from passages, and they can apply this when faced with examination questions, or other critical analysis situations, whereby they need to write what is important and leave out the less important material. Goals:Develop students’ confidence in speaking through conversation with peers and reading aloud thus helping them remember this words in future. The conversation is aimed to help them understand the contexts of their readingso they could appreciate the practical use of the language and encourage them to frequently speak English. Teacher willdivide the students into four groups and give each group a recipe card, then let them converse and read the content freely.Worksheets will be distributed to each student, but they cannot answer the questions right away, and notes must be written at the back of the worksheets.

Cheap or Modern Furniture Business in UAE Essay

Cheap or Modern Furniture Business in UAE - Essay Example This in a nutshell speaks about the fast pace of developments in the region. UAE is the third largest economy in the Middle East and Central Asia region (Datamonitor, 2007). Dubai in itself is famous all over the globe for things like a preferred shopping, luxurious multi-storey apartments, flourishing tourism industry etc. Dubai's Jebel Ali Complex has added another feather in the cap of UAE. This complex presents a modern way of healthy and peaceful living. The Downtown Jebel Ali (DJA)1 is divided into four zones featuring housing and offices along with civic amenities, restaurants, shops etc. A furniture business will flourish if there is demand from domestic sector as well the industrial sector. Infrastructure development and encouragement to real estate sector provides lots of opportunities to the modern furniture business. The Economist Intelligence Unit in its report of October 2008 predict that the political system led by the president Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan gives out potent signals of stability and the pro-reform policies of the government are expected to provide further strength to its social and economic policies (EIU, 2008). The fact that ruling families in the other six emirates provide a firm backing to the UAE president provides enough political stability in the country. UAE has been a close ally of western world and finds strong support from US and some of the EU nations. With an eye on furthering the business prospects, UAE has been doing everything possible to invite investments from foreign companies in the country. The Jebel Ali complex in itself houses over 200 factories with facilities like a power plant, a deep water port, a free trade zone and a steel fabrication unit having many waivers for the industries. But it seems UAE will have to work really hard to make itself more attractive destination for investments and more competitive as compared to other middle east countries like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Israel and Qatar. These five countries figure higher than UAE in the World Bank's 'Doing Business 2009 report'. The country has scored quite badly as far enforcing contracts, ease of closing a business and protecting investors is concerned. These factors in fact play a pivotal role in encouraging or discouraging the business prospects of the country or the city. Sultan Saeed Nasser Al Mansoori, the minister for economic affairs of UAE outlines the objectives of its ministry in the coming days. Some of the objectives outlined in the statement are2; Develop new legislation in the economic field. Promote national economy to world-class competitiveness. Partnership with local authorities and private sector. Active local participation in national economy. Such objectives from the political establishment are bound to provide enough strength to the industrial sector and make the investment climate more business friendly. With a number of export zones, economic zones, duty free zones, easing of domestic laws and adoption of an IT friendly stance by the government UAE is fast becoming an attractive destination for setting up business activities. The presence of all ministries on the internet and development of a combined e-commerce website by the government, the government appears e-commerce friendly and tech-savvy. The rise in consumerism levels in UAE is one of the prime factors which

English Legal System and Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English Legal System and Skills - Essay Example n her statement, Rose says that she did not suspect that her brother was doing anything criminal, but that she had become wary of the kinds of people he was keeping company with at the gym. Rose must realize that if this suspicion about the kind of people her brother was keeping can be related the criminal act of the money. In Regina v Da Silva (2006)1, the court held that suspicion does not necessarily have to be knowledge ad that if there was a small doubt, this can be counted as suspicion. Rose can however feel safe as long as she can prove that due to her brothers good job, she never suspected that he could be involved in such a case and that it was also possible that he could afford that kind of money. Sarah may have a criminal responsibility of aiding and abetting crime, according to section 93A (1)(a) of the criminal justice act 1988 UK. It is clear that she was aware that her uncle John was having financial issues at the time and that he was desperate to resolve his problems. It can be argued that since Sarah knew that her uncle was having financial problems and that she was in charge of a charity, and this can be said to have been enough ground for a reasonable person to suspect that something was wrong. She could also have questioned the motive of her uncle requiring her to keep the money for her instead of him keeping in his bank account. In Regina v Da Silva (2006)2, the court held that the appellant was guilty because she had enough grounds to suspect that her husband was having criminal activity or that the money that was being deposited in her account by her husband had been acquired illegally. The same case can be applied in Sarah’s case because she must have sus pected that her uncle who was going through financial problems could not have acquired the money in proper

Global Strategic Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Global Strategic Managment - Essay Example The paper will also seek to analyse the key elements of the strategies taken by Kodak in order to develop the business. Global Strategic Management With the rapidity of globalisation, organisations operating in international market cannot delay till the local marketplace becomes unappealing or unbeneficial; rather they need to make proactive movements to capture the advantages of global market. Even organisations which do not operate globally, framing and applying a strategy which focuses exclusively on the local competitors and local customers, cannot assure the maintenance of strategic competitiveness in future. Shifting from local to global strategy is a challenging task and generates various difficulties. The major problem in implementing global strategy is to develop one exclusive approach which can be used throughout the international business and can keep flexibility to adjust in the local business environment (Mellahi & et. al., 2012). Drivers for Global Strategy The extent t o which a multinational company adopts the global strategy is regulated by three major aspects which are ‘macro globalising drivers’, external drivers and internal drivers. The macro globalising driver has a general influence and is not specific to particular businesses or organisations. The external globalising driver controls the internationality of an organisation, industry, or market. Ultimately, the internal drivers determine how an organisation responds with the international business environment. The combination of these drivers can be unique for every organisation (Mellahi & et. al., 2012). Macro Globalising Drivers In theory, there are two major macro globalising drivers which are globalisation and information communication... This paper approves that industry globalism is generally determined by the global marketing context. In industry globalism, the strategic performance of organisations relies on the global competitive framework inside an industry. The photographic industry is labelled as moderate level of industry globalism where there are few interdependencies between markets, consumers and dealers. This kind of industry is subjugated by several multinational organisations. This essay makes a conclusion that globalisation or localisation is a significant business decision that multinational organisations are facing nowadays in order to gain competitive advantage. Standardisation and localisation have their own benefits and importance for multinational organisations. With respect to Kodak, it had transformed its business operations through adopting digital growth strategy. Several drivers had played vital parts in the globalisation and localisation for Kodak such as technology, market, competition and cost. With the successful blending of different strategic elements such as new product development, marketing activities, acquisition, and cost control, Kodak is attempting to maintain its position in the digital photographic industry. Kodak was very slow to react to the trend of globalisation and thus was late to adopt the digital technology. The increasing trend of globalisation has made Kodak to globalise the business operations and adjust with the local business environments in order to compete with the strong competitors in the market.

Communism in North Korea Compared with Russia Essay

Communism in North Korea Compared with Russia - Essay Example It seems that for many practical purposes, the evolution of the socialist state in Russia made the Russian Socialist or Communist State assume the characteristics of a capitalist or free market or competitive market state. It is highly that capitalism the competitive market system was restored in Russia. III. The Communism of North Korea North Korea describes her communism as founded on the so-called â€Å"immortal Juche Idea† developed by Kim Il Sung. Kim Il Sung started developing the Juche idea during the North Korean struggle against Japanese invasion in World War II (â€Å"Constitution of the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea of 1998,† 3rd paragraph, Preface). The Juche Idea is the ideological foundation of North Korean communism and socialist ideals. North Korean communists consider that it is their task to remodel Korean society along the ideals of the Juche Idea founded by Kim Il Sung (Korean Friendship Association 1). In the view of North Korean comm unists, â€Å"only when one is firmly armed with the Juche Idea and advances under its banner, would it be possible to emerge victorious in revolution and construction, surmounting all difficulties and trials† (Korean Friendship Association 2). From the perspective or propaganda of North Korean communism among themselves, the Juche Idea is the conviction that the North Korean people has â€Å"acquired through the history of revolutionary struggle spanning over half a century† (Korean Friendship Association 2). Like other communist parties and movements, the Juche Idea adheres to Marxism-Leninism (Korean Friendship Association 2). In particular, the Juche Idea adheres to a typical communist notion that â€Å"Lenin developed Marxism and... Based on this research, socialism is a first stage of communism. In socialism, the rule is to each according to his work while in communism or the rule is â€Å"to each according to his needs, from each according to his ability.† Through the years, however, socialist regimes were confronted with various challenges to modify policies. The main differences between North Korean and Russian Communism are as follows. First, North Korean Communism has explicitly considered itself independent from the Marxist-Leninist ideology through the Juche idea while it is not clear whether Russian Communism has continued to adopt the Marxist-Leninist concepts of a state, socialist society, and communist ideology. Second, the North Korean economy appears to be closer to the traditional notion of a socialist state compared to Russia. Third, private enterprise and private property appears to be more restricted in North Korea compared to Russia. Fourth, North Korean communist ideology uses the Juch e rather than Marxism-Leninism. North Korean Juche is basically socialist/communist ideology but with this twist: North Korean communist ideology has more rhetoric on humanism, independence, and humanity as the center of the Juche ideology. Fourth, North Korean communism or socialism appears to be more restrictive against private property while it does not seem to be case for Russian communism or socialist. Finally or fifth, unlike other communists, North Korean communism focuses on a claim to socialism that is more humanity centered. Unfortunately, however, it is currently the socialist or communist country with the greatest nuclear ambitions.

Green Buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green Buildings - Essay Example Rapid industrialization and increase in demand of fuels have increase pollution all over the world. The increase in carbon dioxide in the environment is damaging the ozone layer surrounding the earth’s atmosphere. This is damaging the environment and increasing the temperature of the world. Oceans are melting and seal levels are increasing. This phenomenon is known as global warming. The dangerous consequences of such climatic change are forcing the world to come up with techniques that are environmental friendly. Green building is one such technique that preserves our environment. The cost of these buildings far exceeds the benefits of green buildings. It is important to understand the benefits of green buildings and their structure to prove that this technique worth its costs. A cost benefit analysis will show clearly that green buildings should be used more often in order to protect the environment. Benefits of Green Building One of the most significant benefits of green bu ildings is that they help save energy. These buildings save electricity and in turn decrease our dependent on fuels. Electricity is produced by many ways and oil is also used to produce electricity. Green buildings are designed in such a manner that they allow the residents sunlight and natural air. In this way energy consumption is decreased greatly. Air conditioning and lights use most of the electricity in homes and by reducing this electricity environment can benefit a lot. In green buildings trees and plants are used in order to provide shade and cooling (Simpson, J. 2002). Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen in daytime. This gives freshness and coolness in daytime in the house. Another benefit of green buildings is the increased productivity of the people living in green buildings. People who live in green buildings are found to work long hours. They also have less stress and they can stay fresh for long hours. This is mainly because occupants get exposure to sun light and fresh air. Air conditioning is no substitute of fresh air. Fresh air soothes residents of green building and this is why they feel less stressed then residents of normal houses and buildings. A study reported that absenteeism was reduced by 40 percent in buildings that were green (Lallanilla, M. 2011). This is the effect of plants and natural air and sunlight. The benefits of green buildings include less sickness as well. This may be because of less pollution and harmful gases. People who live near road sides are exposed to pollution. In green buildings a proper mechanism deals with pollution as discussed before. Also greenery attracts employees to offices. Water efficiency is another benefit of green building. The design of building is such that it allows water to be reused. Water is recycled in greenhouses houses. It is purified and reused in flushes. In this way throughout the life of the green building flush water is not wasted but is used and reused over and over agai n. This is a great benefit of green buildings because it can save gallons of water. A house has a life of at least 30 to 40 years. Throughout this period all the water used in flush will remain the same. Also water is saved by using low flow of water in flushes and showers. Even this can help reduce water consumption of households greatly. Toilet paper is also not used in washrooms and that protects tress. All in all a simple technique of water recycling a great amount of water can be saved. Also material used in green buildings is environmental friendly. The wood used for making green buildings is made of plants like bamboo that grow faster. Rare plants and trees are not used in the making of green buildings. Industrial goods used in making homes are also recyclable and are environmental friendly. Stones and other materials used in houses can be reused again. Energy costs are decreased as a result of green building

TO WHAT AN EXTEND IS MUSICAL TASTE GOVERNED BY THE SOCIETY Essay

TO WHAT AN EXTEND IS MUSICAL TASTE GOVERNED BY THE SOCIETY - Essay Example It is also evident that the ability to enjoy and respond to music is natural in man (Storr, 1992) and can be traced to his evolutionary history (Jolly, 1985). Clayton et al. (2003) argue that music and culture supplement each other and as such control the taste of music. For instance, the kind of music popular in the western culture may fail to live up to the standards of the less developed cultures and vice versa (Clayton et al. 2003). Consequently, it is the aim of this essay to examine the extent to which musical taste is governed by the society. Numerous studies in the history of music indicate that music has entered almost all levels of education world wide (Clayton et al. 2003). For instance, Campbell (1988) argues that music has been offered to children in their elementary levels of education following a structured syllabus. Similarly, Campbell (1988) has indicated that teaching of music in higher academic levels has gained much attention especially with the intention of improving the quality of music teachers produced. He strongly advocates for the production of specialised music teachers to competently teach the art in line with the norms of the society. In this connection, it is therefore conceivable to argue that most governments are structuring the curriculum in such a way to control musical taste. Music plays a myriad of crucial functions in human’s life as stated by Hargreaves and North (1997), in which nearly all of them have social bearing. For instance, it is recognised that music has a significant impact in certain areas like health promotion, advertising as well as education (Leppert and McClay, 1992). Most musical themes tend to carry messages leaning heavily on these areas found to promote performance in them. Clayton et al. (2003) on the other hand claim that in Canada, music has been made highly patriotic with its taste being largely influenced by ethnic

Discuss the Rise of Multinational Corporations and Internationa Essay

Discuss the Rise of Multinational Corporations and Internationa Efforts to Control their Activities, In Your Opinion, Have These - Essay Example A discussion on whether these efforts have been successful shall also be carried out. Body Multinational corporations have been defined based on the fact that their business usually spans other borders or countries. During ancient times, these borders were between Greek city-states and the activities of imperial Rome were the early beginnings of corporations1. However, the political borders at this point proved to be stronger boundaries and defining traits for these associations. The rise of multinational corporations is nevertheless linked with the early beginnings of trade among cultural groupings, and these communities are still important in making up the various sectors of the trading community2. Early trade has been seen with the exchange of goods across neighbouring towns and borders and trade activities have been supported by the limitations in resources across the regions. Some areas have been considered rich in vegetation and in fruit trees and others rich in copper or metal 3. Since all these resources are essential to survival, trading became a useful tool for business. Travels across long distances among traders have also been seen because of these differences in resources. Silent trade became one of the common practices among traders and the strong demand for goods from other towns or regions were gradually filled by these trade activities4. Such trading activities persisted and evolved throughout the years until much profit was eventually seen from such foreign trade. With difficulties in availing some foreign products, the price of trading increased. Early solutions to this shortage and business dilemma saw the initial stirrings of multinational corporations5. These MNCs were able to establish transactions within their boundaries. Fairs became one of the solutions and the traders met their customers in one place6. The Romans were soon prompted to establish commercial laws to govern these transactions. This gave the traders more legal options in tr ading and this gave the traders another means of monitoring their products. In order to ease the transacting processes, partnerships were established7. This started the process of investments made on these trading activities, and the corporations allowed capital investments by outsiders, with the prospect of future shares in the profits. In the 19th century, the limited liability rule was seen, along with the reduced impact of the state as a means of limiting the growth of the joint stock and as a result, the multinational corporations expanded to Europe and to the US8. The motivation to invest overseas was seen as profitable because of the banking and bond markets. The needs of the growing railroad system also established a market for the sale of railroad bonds9. With the increasing wealth and power of the western nations, massive foreign investments were seen in the 19th and on to the early 20th century. This marked the start of the globalization trends10. The UK has been known to export about 25% of its capital before WWII; and France has been known to invest in foreign ventures to an even greater percentage. These investments were directed towards countries which were eager to benefit from the industrial revolution already taking place in the west11. Britain

Virtue ethics Essay Example for Free

Virtue ethics Essay Today the Arms Procurement Commission began public hearings into what appears to be the biggest corruption scandal in the history of South Africa. Apply the Global Business Standards Codex and explain if and how the Defense Department used these principles, what they could have done differently if the Codex was applied GLOBAL BUSINESS STANDARDS CODEX. †¢ Fiduciary Principle (Diligence, Loyalty) †¢ Property Principle (Protection, Theft) †¢ Reliability Principle (Contracts Premises, Commitments) †¢ Transparency Principle (Thruthfulness, Deception, Disclosure, Objectivity) †¢ Dignity Principle (Respect for the Individual, Health and Safety, Privacy and Confidentiality, Use of Force, Associatiation Expression, Learning Development, Employment Security) †¢ Fairness Principle (Fair Dealing, Fair Treatment, Fair Competition, Fair Process) †¢ Citizenship Principle (Law Regulation, Public Goods, Cooperation with Authorities, Political Noninvolvement, Civic Contribution †¢ Responsiveness Principle (Addressing Concerns, Public Involvement). LEARNING OBJECTIVES (TOPIC 3) After completion of this topic, you will be able to: 1. Describe the main ethical theories and apply it to business scenarios  © iStockphoto. com/Dan Bachman ETHICAL THEORIES Three periods in history of ethics Greek period (500 BC-AD 500) †¢ The man who performed his duties as a citizen = good man †¢ Greeks – â€Å"Man is the measure of all things† – he decides for himself what is right and wrong †¢ Socrates, Plato and Aristotle emphasised the need and importance of understanding the nature of goodness †¢ Stoics emphasised that goodness is natural to man, laws of morality are the laws of nature – rational and comprehensive to human reason. ETHICAL THEORIES Medieval period (AD 500 – AD 1500) †¢ Attention was given to inner aspect of morality due to spread of Christianity †¢ Changed Greeks’ view that ethics is a part of politics †¢ The standard of right and wrong was according to God’s law in the Bible and was against any doubts ETHICAL THEORIES Modern period (AD 1500 onwards) †¢ Individualism more important that priests’ preaching and church principles †¢ Human freedom and human accomplishments more important than the Christian revelation †¢ The difference between right and wrong was subjective, depending on the attitude of the individual making the moral judgement ETHICAL CONCEPTS THEORIES. †¢ Developed by moral philosophers over generations to distinguish ethical from unethical behaviour †¢ Viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained along the pathway to a decision †¢ Each theory emphasizes different points in order to reach an ethically correct decision †¢ Theories are directed towards achieving a common set of goals (Ethical principles) ETHICAL CONCEPTS THEORIES ETHICS DEFINED The domain of ethics is centrally concerned with human CHARACTER (the kind of people we are) and CONDUCT (how we relate to others) Three key questions comprise the focus of this domain: 1. 2. What is good or bad for humans? What constitutes right or wrong conduct? 3. How ought we to live and treat others? ETHICS OF CONDUCTS CONSEQUENTIALISM The rightness/wrongness of an action is determined by its consequences or results The right action is the one that: †¢ Promotes the greatest happiness of the greatest number (maximizes social utility) = Utilitarianism †¢ Produces results that maximise a person’s selfinterest = Ethical Egoism CONSEQUENTIALISM UTILITARIANISM †¢ Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Creator of Utilitarianism †¢ Goodness = human well-being – what benefits is good and what harms is evil †¢ Two concepts of importance: †¢ Pleasure and pain governs our lives †¢ Pleasure makes life happier and pain makes it worse †¢ Utility – net benefits. and usefulness produced by an action †¢ An action is right if the act is greater than the sum total of utilities produced by any other act †¢ Hedonistic Calculus – system to measure amount of pleasure and pain that an action produces CONSEQUENTIALISMUTILITARIANISM 7 Criteria Questions Asked 1. Intensity How intense/strong is the pleasure and emotional satisfaction? 2. Duration How long will the pleasure last? 3. Certainty How certain am I that pleasure will occur? 4. Propinquity How soon will the pleasure occur? How near is it? 5. Fecundity How likely is it that this experience will cause more pleasure in the future? 6. Purity Is there any pain that accompanies this pleasure? 7. Extent How many people will be affected? CONSEQUENTIALISMUTILITARIANISM. †¢ John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) – qualitative separation of pleasures †¢ Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures (higher pleasures) are superior to more physical forms of pleasure (lower pleasures) †¢ Mills argument is that the simple pleasures tend to be preferred by people who have no experience with high art, and are therefore not in a proper position to judge. CONSEQUENTIALISM – ACT AND RULE UTILITARIANISM †¢ Rule Utilitarianism an action is right if it conforms to a set of rules which produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain †¢ Act Utilitarianism – an action is right if and only if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for everyone CONSEQUENTIALISM – ETHICAL EGOISM †¢ One’s self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of one’s own action †¢ Three categories: individual, personal, and universal ? An individual ethical egoist would hold that all people should do whatever benefits them ? A personal ethical egoist would hold that he or she should act in his or her self-interest, but would make no claims about what anyone else ought to do ? A universal ethical egoist would argue that everyone should act in ways that are in their self-interest CONSEQUENTIALISM All is well that ends well, regardless of means used to produce results End justifies the means! NON-CONSEQUENTIALISM DEONTOLOGY †¢ Emphasis on rules, duty, rights †¢ Actions are right if they respect rules and wrong if they violate them †¢ Golden rule – Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (human dignity, respect for people, obligation, duty) DEONTOLOGY. †¢ Morality and ethics are to be understood as systems of rules meant to govern and guide conduct †¢ Deontological ethical theories are agent-relative as opposed to agent neutral you have a duty †¢ If an action is of the wrong kind, it is forbidden, no matter how good its consequences are †¢ Rejects both Utilitarianism and Ethical Egoism DEONTOLOGY – KANTIANISM †¢ Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Ends, not mere means: don’t treat rational agents (others or yourself) as mere objects to be used or exploited Categorical imperative – everyone should be treated as a free person equal to everyone else (unconditional) Everyone has a moral right to such treatment and a correlative duty to treat others in this way Mustn’t sacrifice the few even to benefit the many †¢ †¢ †¢ DEONTOLOGY – KANTIANISM. †¢ Performing an action solely because it is our duty is what Kant refers to as a good will – being good without qualification Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will it that it should become a universal law of nature – offers consistency †¢ DEONTOLOGY – NATURAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS †¢ Another approach to Deontology and complementary to Kantianism †¢ Natural rights: ? Right to freedom/ liberty – freedom from coercive powerful rulers ? Right to ownership and property – each person has a right to ownership over own body and own labour and is free to decide what will be done with what he or she owns, without interference NATURAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS. †¢ †¢ Moral rights –by virtue of being human Each right has a corresponding duty and these duties may be perfect or imperfect Rights play an important role in business ethics – stakeholders have rights Many rights however come into conflict and it is difficult to decide whose rights receives priority (victims or criminals) †¢ †¢ DEONTOLOGY – JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS †¢ †¢ †¢ Fair and equitable distribution of opportunities and hardships to all Ask how fairly benefits and costs are distributed to everyone regardless of power, position, wealth, etc. Seven categories: ? Distributive Justice – concerned with fair distribution of society’s benefits and burdens ? Cooperation and competition – taking a proper share of some good ? Procedual justice – fair, decisive practices, procedures and agreements among parties DEONTOLOGY – JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS. ? Retributive Justice – just imposition of punishment and penalties upon wrong-doers – does the punishment fit the crime ? Compensatory justice – compensating people for losses they have suffered when they were wronged by others – losses due to Apartheid ? Corrective justice – laws themselves as instruments of justice should be considered as just ? Distribution – take into account who has suffered an unfair share of the costs of a policy and others who have unfairly benefitted from a policy RAWLS’ PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE †¢ All social values – liberty and opportunities, income and wealth, and the bases of self-respect – are to be distributed equally unless unequal distribution of any, or all of these values, is to everyone’s advantage. Two principles †¢ †¢ Basic freedoms Freedom of speech, liberty and pursuit of happiness Difference principle -There can be inequalities as long as it makes the worst person better off DEONTOLOGY â€Å"The end doesn’t justify the means. † ETHICS OF CHARACTER ARISTOTELIANISM – VIRTUE APPROACHES †¢ Examines a person’s moral character and whether or not this exhibits virtue †¢ Aristotle – a moral virtue is a habit that enables one to exercise reason in all actions †¢ Action of giving people goods they exactly deserve is justice (virtue) or giving too little/ too much is injustice (vice) †¢ Virtues are means to and constituents of happiness †¢ Virtue ethics makes being virtuous an essential element of leading a moral life SUMMARY ETHICAL THEORIES Utilitarian Model. ? When confronted with an ethical dilemma: †¢ Identify alternative courses of action †¢ Determine both benefits and harms of each alternative course of action for ALL stakeholders †¢ Most benefits and least harm to the greatest number of people ? The Utilitarian Model has a strong capitalistic orientation and supports: †¢ Profit maximisation †¢ Self-interest †¢ Rewarding hard work Weakness: Focus †¢ Competition on outcome rather ? Focus of ethical behaviour is around: than process which might be †¢ Organisational/ Public Services goals unethical †¢ Efficiency †¢ Conflicts of interest ETHICAL THEORIES Moral Rights Model ? When confronted with an ethical dilemma: †¢ Identify if any decision or behaviour violates the rights of an individual †¢ If it does, it is wrong Weakness: Focus only ? Focus of ethical behaviour is around: on individual †¢ Right to safety and not societal rights †¢ Right to know the truth †¢ Right to privacy †¢ Right not to engage in behaviours that are contradictory to a person’s moral or religious beliefs †¢ Right to freedom of speech ? Provides clear guidelines on moral individual rights ETHICAL THEORIES Justice Model ? When confronted with an ethical dilemma: †¢ Identify if any decision or behaviour violates the rights of both individuals and groups †¢ If it does, it is wrong ? Focus of three principles: †¢ Distributive Justice Principle ? Everyone needs to be treated the same, unless they differ in ways which are reliant to the situation †¢ Fairness Principle ? Obligations as a result of relationships †¢ Natural Duty Principle ? Accepting responsibility in exchange for certain rights Any questions?

Current Issues in Management Essay Example for Free

Current Issues in Management Essay Executive Summary Aim of this study This study is to analysis the selected airline business environment and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program implementations of some airline and compare with the selected airline. What is CSR CSR is an approach to business that takes account of issues associated with society and the environment in addition to more traditional business concerns of shareholders and profits. The low-fare airline â€Å"Ryanair† doing about CSR We can see the result of Ryanair CSR performance from the interviewee in this section. Analysis and discuss how the airline performance Corporate Social Responsibility. 1. INTRODUCTION In the last few decades, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has grown in importance, which is reflected by an increasing demand from consumers, employees, legislative systems, and the society for inclusive evaluations about how corporations are meeting acceptable standards. CSR plays an important role in the formation of airlines’ strategies due to the unique characteristics of the airline industry. Nevertheless, CSR in the airline industry has received relatively little attention from academics. The purpose of this study are to understand and analysis how the selected airline communicates to the outside world by implementing CSR programs. This research is exploratory by nature and is based on CSR reports published by the selected airline and related CSR information on the company websites. This topic has been chose because of the importance of CSR in business, more specifically in airline industry. What makes the application CSR programs in airline industry a particularly interesting topic to research is the highly competitive and pollutive nature of the industry. This competitive market has been caused by the price sensitivity of customers, and their desire to get good service at a decent price, as well as by the saturated nature of supply market due to multiple operators. In order to compete in the market, companies have to be cost efficient while providing best possible service. This, however, is difficult due to high operating costs that influence the whole industry. CSR is considered to be a vital part of any contemporary business strategy. In our mind focusing on CSR can provide airlines with both operational efficiency, as well as image benefits. People are becoming more aware of the social and environmental effects of their consuming habits, hence it be projected that innovative and responsible companies will continue to do well in the future, as their actions affect the purchasing behavior of customers.  The purpose of this study is to provide overview of CSR, discuss and analysis the performance of selected airline in corporate social responsibility. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY Corporate are inseparable from society. Nowadays, the responsibility of corporations is not solely providing products and services, it must also take care of the welfare of the various stakeholders in society (Robin, 1987). Corporate nowadays do not primarily focus on profits but being society responsible which generates more intangible value. Consumers prefer to be associated with socially responsible cooperates and as a result of this, corporate will allocate response to this area and play a private role. First, the flying of airplanes will adversely affect the global environment (Miyoshi, 2009). Favorable public image can be created if the airline â€Å"greening† the environment. Secondly, promoting CSR is an attractive differentiation strategy, it gains competitive advantages and growing competition between airlines when airlines are offering increasingly similar products and service in marketplace. For meeting the expectations of various stakeholders and customers, airlines can fulfill their responsibilities as a corporate citizen especially for international airlines operates in multiple countries. There seems to be no universally agreed definition of CSR (Frankental, 2001). He even argues that â€Å"CRS is a vague and intangible term which can mean anything to anybody, and therefore is effectively without meaning†. The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the community and society at large(Holmes and Watts, 2000). It is generally agreed that CSR refers to the obligations of the firm to society (Smith, 2003). 2.1 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEORIES AND STRATEGIES CSR includes four kinds of responsibilities: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic. The economic responsibility refers to the firm’s obligations  to be productive, profitable, and to maintain wealth. Firm’s legal responsibility refers to carrying out their activities within the confines of legal requirements. For ethical responsibility refers to having ethical codes, norms going beyond mere legal frameworks, and being honest in their relationships with their customers and their own employees. Finally, the discretionary component includes voluntary or philanthropic activities aiming to raise the well-being and development of society as a whole (Carrol, 1911). CSR issues under a variety of headings: Marketplace, workplace, community and environment will be used as CSR components. Safety is the most important social responsibility for the aviation industry. From All Nippon Airways CSR report 2009, the company reports the preventive measures for two incidents occurred in 2008 that influenced stakeholder trust in the airline. In order to improve workplace relationship and employee morale, Korean Air has created an Employee Counseling Center to resolve complaints and receive suggestions from employees. For community, â€Å"I Can Fly† Program from Cathay Pacific, program is designed to encourage young people to fly high and to reach for their dreams. Being an international airline, Cathay pacific’s community investments also extend to communities outside of Hong Kong. Singapore Airline participates â€Å"the Asia and Pacific Initiative to Reduce Emission (ASPIRE)† Program in 2010, demonstrated green flight, which operated from Los Angeles to Singapore via Tokyo. As a result, it was able to use around 6% less fuel than normally required for a s imilar flight. Nowadays, customers are more aware of ethical consumption so that the airlines act in positive role in society by implementing some corporate social responsibilities’ programs. At the same times, consumers are also vulnerable to the problems and crises they are facing to, such as crisis in values and climate change, huge differences among people and also economic crisis in developed countries. Therefore, company can gain customer satisfaction and market value when they are applying the above CSR components. Corporate social responsibility means that organizations take on responsibility towards others in society, not merely on their shareholders and customers (Holloway, 2004). On the other hand, corporate social  responsibility also can improve our quality of life in the local community to solving environmental or socio-cultural problems locally or globally. CSR has found a positive relationship in both the short and long terms (Lee and Park, 2009). (Kang et al, 2010) examined the effects of positive effects of positive (proactive) and negative (reactive) CSR activities. 2.2 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CHALLENEGES AND ISSUES Despite the potential of a Value Chain approach, the following issues need to be considered if the airline is planning to adopt or develop further more comprehensive CSR activities. Financial implications The Low-Fares Airlines business model relies on cost-reduction (Grob and Schroder, 2007). There are costs associated with implementing a CSR strategy but many are already accounted for within existing budget lines such as: Charitable giving, environmental management programs, corporate sponsorship and etc. Staffing Monitoring, evaluation and management of CSR objectives and related actions do require a staffing commitment in order to facilitate accurate reporting of costs and benefits. The size of the staffing commitment depends on the size and commitment of an organization. British Airways at the time of writing employed 30 staff working on CSR related initiatives (GreenAir 2008) Time Implement on CSR is a medium to long-term commitment that can only be fully achieved with realistic timescales built in from the start. However, there are some objectives, or â€Å"quick wins†, that can be realized in the short-term. 2.3 SUMMARY OF KEY CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ELEMENTS Review of the corporate social responsibility theories, strategies,  challenges and issue has shown that most of the international airlines (for example, Cathay Pacific Airline, Air France-KML, British Airways and etc) are very proactive in some of CSR components, for example, climate change and environment; customer relations by proving a level of customer service and comfort that ensure customer loyalty by focusing safety and security; staff personal development of the airline’s staff by offering personalized career advice, training and encouraging job mobility within the group. However, some of budget airlines, they are not really focus on CSR as a business strategy, the reason are airlines didn’t want to spend too much money on CSR because they need to control expenses for other resources to ensure tickets are low prices. Therefore, those budget airlines only focus on environment and community only. 3.1 COMPANY BACKGROUND Ryanair was established in 1985 by the Ryan family with  £1 share capital and 25 staff. Operation started with daily flights from Waterford in the southeast of Ireland to London on 15 Bandeirante aircraft (Ryanair, 2010). In 1987, the company acquired their first jet aircraft and as a result increased their network with 15 scheduled routes from Dublin to Liverpool, Glasgow, Manchester, Cardiff and opened new routes from Luton to West of Ireland. Consequently the number of passengers increased to over 600,000, but the company soon faced intense price competition with Aer Lingus and British Airways resulting to  £20m loss. During the 1990s, Ryanair decided to restructure the company by copying Southwest Airline low fares model (Ryanair, 2010). 3.2 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AUDIT OF RYANAIR From the above audit, it showed that community projects, local skill training, advertising, disability access and ethical policies are not good from interviewee’s view. CO2 emissions, charity giving, pricing, training investment and safety are just fair. However, Ryanair are good in environmental responsibility for example: paper usage, water usage and waste. To understand why the interview gave this result, it will be discussed by using the following evidences. 4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSS OF RYANAIR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PERFORMANCE Ryanair Corporate Social Responsibility activities report in 2011, it showed  environment, emissions trading, ethical codes and staff benefits will be implemented in coming year. For instance, Ryanair released two press releases about its 2008 Cabin Crew Charity Calendar, seven press releases for its 2009 Cabin Crew Calendar, and one press release for its 2012 Cabin Crew Calendar. Also, they even created a website for greening the environment. However, the charity calendar and other philanthropic efforts were not mentioned since 2008 annual report. In 2011 annual report, it also didn’t mention what kind of activities they did for the environment and how much fuel consumption they used. The following are the Corporate Social Responsibility performance of Ryanair between 2009 and 2012. For community, Fredrick (1986) developed the CSR analysis to include an ethical base to managerial decision taking in the form of corporate social rectitude and terms this CSR3. The theory claims that the study of business and community needs an ethical anchor to allow a systematic critique of businesss impact upon human consciousness and human continuity. When consumers book tickets at their website, charged price at the purchased stage is higher than the showed price at book tickets page. Real price has been hidden, it also counted as unethical. If the companys action can have either a positive or a negative impact on the quality of a group or individuals life, then the group or individual is a stakeholder of that company (Lepineux, 2005). On the other hand, Ryanair was not willing to provide services to those people who are disabled and older passengers has resulted in court ruling and got fines from court. After that, the airline increased the fare to all passengers and started lobbing airport and airlines, not to provide free services to disabled passengers. In 2010, The central London Country Court found it had acted unlawfully due to there was a passenger who I suffering from cerebral palsy and arthritis and be charged GBP18. Eventually, the one claimed GBP1136. Another important example of Ryanairs unethical practices is their advert in 2012. Two UK newspaper adverted for Ryanair have been banned after complaints from readers that they were sexist and treated women as objects (BCC News, 2012). The advertising Standards Authority (ASA) received 17 complaints of this advertising, and said they were likely to cause offence. However, the airline said the adverts promoted its cabin crew charity calendar and used  images taken directly from it (BBC news, 2012). The company faced probe by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) after a string of complaints and the rules have been breached seven times in two years (BBC News, 2009). Corporate Social Responsibility as the purpose of business and the knowledge and abilities of those that run the business (Worthington and Britton, 1997). Of course, every company is making profit, even Ryanair. Therefore, their operation and the impact on the environment have to be administrated. Ryanair is not very good in marketplace of the CSR components. They got a lot of complaints of cancellations, missing bags and denied boarding. In 2011, the aviation watchdog revealed that Ryanair and EasyJet were subject to the most complaints from British airline passengers in 2010. From Ryanair website, it shows that baggage complaints per 1,000 passengers have increased from 1.18 to 1.88 from 2010 to 2011 respectively. EasyJet had the most complaints with 719 and Ryanair following with 673. It was also noted that Ryanair complaints have risen by 70% since 2005 and the Liberal Democrats said that the numbers proved service standards is a casualty of lower fares (Guardian, 2010). As explained earlier safety is the most important social responsibility for the aviation industry. However, the flight to East Midlands Airport was forced to make an emergency landing and oxygen masks were deployed (The Sun, 2012). There are differences between Ryanair and its competitors in terms of services and how they are delivered. Ryanair pledges simply to get passengers from point A to B safely and at lowest price. Some seats are sold as little as  £1 or â‚ ¬ 1, however, if flights are delayed, passengers should not expect free refreshments (Emerald, 2007). At the same time, the airline treats their employees are different with other airlines e.g. Southwest airline. Southwest airline believes that customers deserve respect, fun and dignity but that their employees come first. This is because employees would treat customers the way they are been treated (Emerald, 2007). Employees from Ryanair are disregard. Also the company is in major dispute with its operation being socially irresponsible. 5. STRATEGIC CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RYANAIR Corporate Social responsibility is very important for growth of the business so that the airline should be more social responsible by addressing the demands of the stakeholders. Building the sense in the organization being socially responsible will improve corporate image to create value. In my opinion, environmental issues should be considered the most important. Despite the airline can only contribute few percent to global CO2 emissions, there still are so many people will consider flying to be much more harmful. Therefore airlines are pressured into contributing to the environment and reducing their environment impact. Moreover, focusing on environmental issues airline can gain competitive edge through improved image and operational efficiency. Fuel efficiency, waste and recycling should be the most important to be addressed. CO2 emissions nowadays can be considered. To tackle the issue of emissions, most of the airlines have implemented programs that aim to reduce overall emissions within a certain time period. For example, Air France aims to reduce CO2 emissions 1-2 % annually. This is also important in order to achieve emissions target set by IATA. Most of the airlines focus on improving fuel efficiency, as it is by far the biggest source of emissions. Ryanair should reduce fuel consumption immediately, improved maintenance and engine washing, improved route planning and navigation. Waste and recycling are the second important environmental topic. Waste produced by in-flight operations comprises of aluminum, plastic, mixed paper and organic waste. Chemical waste includes deicing and antifreeze products, paint and detergents used in washing airplanes and engines. Other waste sources are normal business operations where paper is the predominant material. Most airlines reviewed are trying to reduce waste and focus on recycling. Airlines should move towards recycling and reduction of waste production in all operational areas. In my opinion this can be achieved by favoring longer lasting, recyclable or biodegradable materials i.e. in  catering operations. Airlines have a high impact on neighborhoods and communities surrounding their major hubs. The airline should support communities by recruiting and training staff, offering educational support and etc. i.e mentioned previously â€Å"I Can Fly† Program from Cathay Pacific. Creating the organizational culture of shared values where employees are willing and enjoy to work. Empower employees to do their job, support and encourage them in their decisions. When employees are empowers to do their job and be respected at work place, they will feel that they are part of the organization and their decision are appreciated, then they will work wholeheartedly at the airline. It can improve customer servicing, reduce complaints and improve airline performance. Safety measures also to be one of the most important areas of airline business, concerning customers as well as employees. Therefore various systems should be implemented to support safe business operations. In order to ensure work safety, trainings supported by risk management systems should be implemented. Key performances should be regularly measured and improved according to the legal requirements. 6. CONCLUSION In the recent years the importance of CSR has been increasing immensely in the airline industry. Although in many aspects airlines are still behind in comparison to other industries, it has been made apparent that environmentalism and social responsibility issues will only increase in importance in the coming years and decades. Having a business strategy is as essential as never before due to a high need in business life for forecasting, measuring and developing business actions further. There will always be competitors that are potentially doing better business regarding overall revenue which consequently leads to a need of efficient and structured operations to ensure long lasting business success. Businesses that are going to last and also be profitable in the future are the ones  with CSR incorporated into their business strategy. We therefore believe that implementing it is inevitable. Like many other business aspects a clear vision on how to implement CSR is crucial. Therefore a â€Å"road map† needs to be developed in order to ensure a successful outcome. It allows the firm to be successful whilst using its resources within its unique environment to meet market needs as well as meet stakeholder expectations (Industry Canada 2006, pp. 32-33). 7. References Alle, M. M and Schmitz, A. M. (2004). Ryanair plc. Sà ©minaire delaboration dun Business Plan, p. 1-45. Moir, L. (2001). What do we mean by corporate social responsibility. Corporate Governance, 1, 2, p. 16-22.Y CO Worthington, I and Britton, C. (1997). The business environment. 2nd Edition. Pitman Publishing: London Holloway, C. J. (2004). Marketing for tourism. Harlow etc.: Prentice Hall Lee, S., Park, S.Y., 2009. Do socially responsible activities help hotels and casinos achieve their financial goals? International Journal of Hospitality Management 28, 105–112 Kang, K., Lee, S., Huh, C., 2010. Impacts of positive and negative corporate social responsibility activities on company performance in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management 29, 72–82. Alle, M. M and Schmitz, A. M. (2004). Ryanair plc. Sà ©minaire delaboration dun Business Plan, p. 1-45. Appelbaum, H.S and Fewster, M. B. (2004). Safety and Customer Service: Contemporary Practices in Diversity, Organizational Development and Training and Development in the Global Civil Aviation Industry. Management Research News. 27, 10, p. 1-26. BBCNews. (2008). Ryanair faces probe over adverts. [on-line] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7337165.stm [Accessed: 13/03.2010]. Bowman, C and Faulkner, D. (1995). The essence of competitive strategy. 1st Edition. Prentice: Hall. Carr, S., Penson, R and Bendell, T. (1995). The quality gurus-their approaches described and considered. Managing Service Quality. 5, 6, p. 44-48. Chilosi, A and Damiani, M. (2007). Stakeholders vs shareholders in corporate government. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. PN, 2334, p. 1-50. Davies, W. (2000).Understanding strategy. Strategy and Leadership. 28, 5, p. 25-30. Data Monitor. (2008). Ryanair holdings plc. Data Monitor Europe: London. Data Monitor. (2009). Ryanair holdings plc. Data Monitor Europe: London. Donaldson, T., Preston, L.E. The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence and implications. Academy of Management Review. Vol, 20, 1, 1995, pp.65-91. Emerald. Easyjet and Ryanair flying high on the Southwest model. Strategic Direction. Vol, 22, 6, 2006, pp. 18-21.

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of commercial nano-titania Mostafa Mahinroosta* Abstract Addition of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (especially transition metal oxides) to ammonium perchlorate improves its thermal decomposition via decreasing the high temperature of decomposition. Two mechanisms including electron-transfer and proton-transfer have been proposed for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. In this research field, nanometer transition metal oxides have attracted a growing attention. Titanium dioxide exists under three crystalline forms of rutile, anatase, and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more stable than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. In the present study, commercial nano-titania with an average particle size of 10-25 nm was added to ammonium perchlorate. Catalytic effect of the titania nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate was evaluated. Some samples of ammonium perchlorate consisting of various mass l oadings of nano-titania were prepared. Thermogravimetry analysis results indicate that addition of titania nanoparticles to ammonium perchlorate lessens decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate. The most decrease in the decomposition temperature was 61  °C and observed in the presence of 3 wt.% of nanometer titanium dioxide. Keywords: Titania; Ammonium perchlorate; Thermal decomposition; Nanostructure. 1. Introduction Over the past few years, nanoparticles of many different compounds and combinations have received considerable attention in the scientific and engineering research fields [1]. Nanometer materials exhibit a much larger surface area for a certain mass or volume compared to conventional particles [2]. The oxide nanoparticles are the materials with good electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties that are different from their bulk counterparts [3]. Reduction in the particle size lessens the transient heat conduction travel through the particle over time, and an increase in the surface-to-volume ratio leads to better dispersion of the particles in the mixture, increasing the reactant sites. Finally, the nanometer particles can have completely different surface chemistry, often better than their micron-sized counterparts [4]. Among these nanostructure oxides, titanium dioxide or titania (TiO2) nanostructures have emerged as one of the most promising materials because of their p otential for gas sensors, especially for humidity and oxygen detection [2, 3, 5], optical devices [3, 5, 6], photocatalysis [2, 3, 6], fabricating capacitors in microelectronic devices due to its unusually high dielectric constant [3, 6], pigments [2, 7], adsorbents [7], and solar cells [5]. A relatively low level of TiO2 is needed to achieve a white opaque coating which is resistant to discoloration under ultraviolet light. TiO2 pigment is used in many diverse products, such as paints, coatings, glazes, enamels, plastics, papers, inks, fibers, foods, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Pure titanium dioxide is colorless in the massive state, non-toxic, thermally stable, inert versus acids, alkalis and solvents, and insoluble. It exists under three fundamental crystalline phases: rutile which is the most stable and the most abundant form, anatase (octahedrite) and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more s table than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. Generally speaking, the functional properties of nano-TiO2 are influenced by a large number of factors such as particle size, surface area, synthesis method and conditions, and crystallinity [2]. The presence of nano metals and metal oxides especially transition metal oxides as the nanocatalyst in solid propellant formulations tailors the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP in short). Thermal decomposition improvement of AP as a powerful oxidizer salt has attracted many attentions [1, 4, 8-10]. Decrease amounts of decomposition temperature of AP in the presence of the different nano metal and metal oxides are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 is here Vargeese [26] showed that significant reduction in activation energy indicates a strong catalytic activity of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP. Fujimura and Miyake [27] studied the effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP and concluded that the thermal decomposition temperature of AP decreases when the specific surface area of TiO2 increases. The catalytic effect of commercial nanometer titanium dioxide on the thermal decomposition of AP is investigated within the scope of this study. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Ammonium perchlorate (monomodal 120  µm) was purchased from Merck. Commercial nano-TiO2 in anatase form was purchased from Pishgaman Company located in Mashhad, Iran (Figure. 1). Its purity was more than 99%. Chemical composition and physical properties of nano-TiO2 are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Table 2 is here Table 3 is here 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. X-ray diffraction analysis X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles was performed with a Philips PW 1800 powder X-ray diffractometer using CuKÃŽ ± radiation at 40 kV and 30 mA. 2.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of nano-TiO2 was prepared on a Philips transmission electron microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. 2.2.3. Thermogravimetry analysis The thermal decomposition processes of the samples were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) using Dupont 2000 instrument at a heating rate of 10  °C/min until temperature of 600  °C. 2.2.4. Sample preparation The AP was mixed with various mass loadings of TiO2 nanoparticles namely 1, 2, and 3 wt.% to prepare the samples for thermal decomposition study. Theses samples were labeled as AP1T (AP+1% nano-TiO2), AP2T (AP+2% nano-TiO2), and AP3T (AP+3% nano-TiO2). Before thermal decomposition experiments using TGA technique, the samples were homogenized. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Characterization of nanostructure The TEM analysis was performed to confirm the actual size of the particles and the distribution of the crystallites. It is clear from the micrograph that the average size of the particles is located in range of 10-25 nm. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles is shown in Figure 2. Clear spherical structure can be seen from this figure. Figure 3 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the commercial nano-TiO2. It can be obviously seen that that diffraction peaks appear in the pattern associated with the anatase phase with proper crystalline nature. A very strong anatase peak is observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 25.25 °, assigned to (101) plane. Other anatase peaks are observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 37.7 ° (004), 47.7 ° (200), 53.54 ° (105), and 62.32 ° (204). 3.2. Catalytic activity of nano-titania Figure 4 shows the TGA curve for the thermal decomposition of pure AP. As can be seen in figure 4, the first exothermic peak is appeared in temperature of 327  °C that accompanied by a weight loss of 18 wt.%. This peak can be related to the partial decomposition of AP and the formation of some NH3 and HClO4 via dissociation and sublimation. The second exothermic peak is occurred in temperature of 411  °C. The weight loss in this stage is about 92 wt.% that is corresponding to complete decomposition of transition products to volatile products. Figure 5 presents the TGA curves associated with thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles. From this figure, it is clear that the partial decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is happened in a temperature much lower than 327  °C. Also, complete decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is occurred in temperatures of 370, 360, and 350  °C, respectively that accompanied by decrease of 41, 51, and 61 °C, respectively. It is obvious that addition of nano-sized TiO2 to AP has deep effect on the exothermic decomposition of AP. According to these results, it can be concluded that the catalytic effect of nano-sized TiO2 is observed mainly on high-temperature decomposition process and not on the initial stages of decomposition. 3.3. Mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP Based on the recent studies, two main mechanisms have been suggested for thermal decomposition of AP [11, 16, 17, 21]: First mechanism: electron transfer from perchlorate ion to ammonium ion which is as follows: ClO4+NH3+→ClO40+NH40 NH40→NH3+H ClO40+ClO4=ClO4+ClO40 HClO4+H→H2O+ClO3 Second mechanism: proton transfer from ammonium ion to perchlorate ion which is as follows: NH4ClO4(s) →NH4++ClO4→NH3(s) +HClO4(s) →NH3(g) +HClO4(g) For first mechanism, it is proposed that the rate-determining stage is electron transfer and inasmuch as the p-type semiconductors have positive holes, they can accept the released electron from perchlorate ion. Thus, these catalysts accelerate the electron transfer. eoxide+ClO4→Ooxide+ClO3→1/2O2+ClO3+eoxide in which eoxide is a positive hole in the valence band of the oxide and Ooxide is an abstracted oxygen atom from oxide. It is clear that this mechanism includes two steps: 1) oxidation of ammonia and 2) dissociation of ClO4 species into ClO3 and O2. In first step, metal oxides exhibit high catalytic activity in ammonia oxidation and in second step metal oxides accept the released electron from ammonia oxidation that may promote the dissociation of ClO4 into ClO3 and O2. For second mechanism, steps (I)-(III) have been proposed. In step (I), the ammonium and perchlorate ions are paired. Step (II) is started with proton transfer from NH4+ cation to ClO4 anion and the molecular complex is formed that then is decomposed into NH3 and HClO4 in step (III). The molecules of NH3 and HClO4 react in adsorbed layer on the perchlorate surface or they are desorbed and sublimed that is accompanied by interactions in gas phase. NH4+ClO4 ↔ NH3-H-ClO4 ↔ NH3-HClO4 ↔ NH3(a)+HClO4(a) (I) (II) (III) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ NH3(g)+HClO4(g) At low temperature (2, N2O, Cl2, NO, and H2O are formed. Based on proton transfer, during high-temperature decomposition, the nanoparticles adsorb the reactive molecules on their surface and catalyze the reaction. The existence of more holes in p-type semiconductor catalysts is responsible for the increasing of the AP decomposition. In this study, the mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles can be explained as follows: Titanium has the electronic configuration of [Ar]3d24s2. Experiments have demonstrated that it can form both +3 and +4 oxidation state, so it can lose 3 or 4 electrons to form cations. The +4 state is the most common and stable, because it is able to form an octet. The +3 state is less stable (more reactive) because it leaves a single d electron in the valence orbital. Ti4+ cation in TiO2 structure has s and d-type orbitals with 3d04s0 electronic configuration. These orbitals have not been filled with electrons and provide a useful space for electron transfer in AP thermal decomposition and play the role of a bridge. By accepting transferred electrons resulted from ClO4 degradation, ClO4 degradation is promoted. On the other hand, TiO2 nanoparticles have high specific surface area and large amount of surface active sites that increase adsorption of reactive molecules in gas phase to the surface and promote the redox reactions between them. 4. Conclusions The results of thermogravimetry analysis show that the nanometer titanium dioxide has significant catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. The presence of nano-sized titanium dioxide improves significantly the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. With increase of content of nanometer titanium dioxide, the decrease in decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate becomes greater. References [1] Jennifer, LS, Matthew, AS, Sameer, D, Eric, LP, and Sudipta, S: Burn rate sensitization of solid propellants using a nano-titania additive. In: Proceeding of the 20th international colloquium on the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, July 31-August 5 2005. [2] Marie-Isabelle, B: Nano-TiO2 for solar cells and photocatalytic water splitting: scientific and technological challenges for commercialization. The Open Nanoscience Journal, 5, 64-77 (2013). [3] Suresh, S: Synthesis and electrical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles using a wet chemical technique. American Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 1(1), 27-30 (2013). [4] Demko, AR, Johnson, M, Allen, TW, Reid, DL, and Seal, S: Comparison of commercially available and synthesized titania nano-additives on the burning rate of composite HTPB/AP propellant samples. Spring technical meeting of the central states section of the combustion institute, April 22-24 2012. [5] MortezaAli, A, and Saeideh, RS: Study of growth parameters on structural properties of TiO2 nanowires. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3, 35 (2013). [6] Karimi, L and Zohoori, S: Superior photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solutions using TiO2/SrTiO3 nanocomposite. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3, 32 (2013). [7] Vijayalakshmi, R and Rajendran, V: Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods. Archives of Applied Science Research, 4(2), 1183-1190 (2012). [8] Goncalves, RFB, Rocco, AFF and Iha, K: Thermal decomposition kinetics of aged solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate-AP/HTPB binder. INTECH, doi: 10.5772/52109. [9] Rodic, V: Effect of titanium (IV) oxide on composite solid propellant properties. Scientific Technical Review, 62(3-4), 21-27 (2012). [10] Matthew, AS, Eric, LP, Carro, R, David, LR and Sudipta, S: Multi-parameters study of nanoscale TiO2 and CeO2 additives in composite AP/HTPB solid propellants. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 35(2), 143-152 (2010). [11] Chen, W, Li, F, Liu, L and Li, Y: Synthesis of nano-yttria via a sol-gel process based on hydrated yttrium nitrate and ethylene glycol and its catalytic performance for thermal decomposition of NH4ClO4. Journal of Rare Earths, 24, 543-548 (2006). [12] Zhenye, MA, Fengsheng, L and Aisi, C: Preparation and thermal decomposition behavior of TMOs/AP composite nanoparticles. Nanoscience, 11(2), 142-145 (2006). [13] Yanping, W, Junwu, Z, Xujie, Y, Lude, L and Xin, W: Preparation of NiO nanoparticles and their catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta, 437, 106-109 (2005). [14] Hungzhen, D, Xiangyang, L, Guanpeng, L, Lei, X and Fengsheng, L: Synthesis of Ni nanoparticles and their catalytic effect on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Materials processing technology, 208, 494-498 (2008). [15] Guorong, D, Xujie, Y, Jian, C, Guohong, H, Lude, L and Xin, W: The catalytic effect of nanosized MgO On the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Powder Technology, 172, 27-29 (2007). [16] Satyawati, SJ, Prajakta, RP and Krishnamurthy, VN: Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of nanosized ferric oxide. Defence Science Journal, 58(6), 721-727 (2008). [17] Shusen, Z and Dongxu, M: Preparation of CoFe2O4 nanocrystallites by solvothermal process and its catalytic activity on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials, (2010). doi:10.1155/2010/842816. [18] Han, A, Liao, J, Ye, M, Li, Y and Peng, X: Preparation of Nano-MnFe2O4 and its catalytic performance of thermal decomposition of Ammonium perchlorate. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 19, 1047-1051 (2011). [19] Yifu, Z, Xinghai, L, Jiaorong, N, Lei, Y, Yalan, Z and Chi, H: Improve the catalytic activity of ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 particles in decomposition of ammonium perchlorate by coating amorphous carbon on their surface. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 184, 387-390 (2011). [20] Yu, Z, Chen, L, Lu, L, Yang, X and Wang, X: DSC/TG-MS study on in situ catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate over CoC2O4. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 30(1), 19-23 (2009). [21] Alizadeh-Gheshlaghi, E, Shaabani, B, Khodayari, A, Azizian-Kalandaragh, Y and Rahimi, R: Investigation of the catalytic activity of nano-sized CuO, Co3O4 and CuCo2O4 powders on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Powder Technology, 217, 330-339 (2012). [22] Wang, J, He, S, Li, Z, Jing, X, Zhang, M and Jiang, Z: Synthesis of chrysalis-like CuO nano-crystals and their catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J. Chem. Sci., 121, 1077-1081 (2009). [23] Liu, T, Wang, L, Yang, P and Hu, B: Preparation of Nanometer CuFe2O4 by auto-combustion and its catalytic activity on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Materials Letters, 62, 4056-4058 (2008). [24] Duan, H, Lin, X, Liu, G and Xu, L: Synthesis of Co nanoparticles and their catalytic effect on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 16, 325-328 (2008). [25] Pratibha, S, Reena, D, Kapoor, IPS and Singh, G: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic effect of bimetallic nanocrystals on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Indian Journal of Chemistry, 49A, 1339-1344 (2010). [26] Vargeese, A: Effect of anatase-brookite mixed phase titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the high temperature decomposition kinetics of ammonium perchlorate. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 139(2-3), 537-542 (2013). [27] Fujimura, K and Miyake, A: The effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J Therm Anal Calorim, 99, 27-31 (2010). Figure legends Figure 1. Commercial nano-TiO2 used in this study Figure 2. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 3. XRD patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 4. TGA curve related to pure AP Figure 5. TGA curves related to (a) AP1T, (b) AP2T, and (c) AP3T Table 1. Reported data from the literature on the decrease in AP decomposition temperature in the presence of different nano metal and metal oxides. Nanocatalyst Preparation method Amount (wt.%) Decrease in decomposition temperature ( °C) Reference Nano-yttria Sol-gel 5 114.6 [11] CuO/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 95.83 [12] Co2O3/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 137.11 [12] NiO nanoparticles Solid-state reaction 2 93 [13] Ni nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma method 2-5 92-105 [14] Nano-sized MgO Sol-gel 2 75 [15] Nano-sized ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 Electrochemical method 2 59 [16] Nanometer CoFe2O4 Polyol-medium solvothermal 2 112.8 [17] Nano-MnFe2O4 Co-precipitation phase inversion 3 77.3 [18] Nano-MnFe2O4 Low-temperature combustion 3 84.9 [18] Sphere-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 81 [19] pod-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 72 [19] Nanometer CoC2O4 Co-precipitation 2 104 [20] Nano-sized CuO Sol-gel 90.47 [21] Nano-sized Co3O4 Sol-gel 92.07 [21] Nano-sized CuCo2O4 Sol-gel 102.78 [21] CuO nanocrystals Simple chemical deposition 2 85 [22] Nanometer CuFe2O4 Auto-combustion method 2 105 [23] Co nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma 2 145.01 [24] Cu-Co nanocrystal Hydrazine reduction in ethylene glycol 1 96 [25] Cu-Fe 1 89 Cu-Zn 1 114 Table 2. Chemical composition of nano-TiO2 Element Mg Nb Al S Si Ca Amount (ppm) Table 3. Physical properties of nano-TiO2 Bulk density (g/cm3) Actual density (g/cm3) Average particle size (nm) Specific surface area (m2/g) Color 0.24 3.90 10 to 25 200 to 240 white 1

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen Essay -- Yoshimoto K

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen The first time I read Kitchen, I knew I was experiencing something very special. Not since my initial reading of Catcher in the Rye have I witnessed such a perceptive look at the joys and pains of growing up. These coming-of-age novels capture our attention with plots that, while twisting and turning in creative, off-beat ways, remain believable. The writers of these novels tell us their stories with a subtle style more exciting than that of textbooks and assigned reading, a style not unlike a good one-sided conversation. Finally, within this great style of writing, the authors infuse honest insights, often humorous and sometimes poignant, which do not carry a lecturing or authoritative tone. Banana Yoshimoto, as translated by Megan Backus, incorporates these three elements of a successful coming-of-age novel into Kitchen skillfully. The result is magnificent. To keep a young person interested, an author must weave an interesting story. Kitchen is fascinating because the premise of the story is original: A Japanese twenty-something's grandmother dies and is taken in by an employee of her grandmother's favorite flower shop and his transvestite mother. Along the course of the story, the heroine discovers a passion for cooking, the young man dreams a dream with the heroine, and a crazy admirer kills the transvestite mother. In the end, the heroine and the young man realize their love for each other, without even having shared a passionate kiss. Such a plot is interesting to the average teenager who craves the out-of-the-ordinary; she wants escape. Kitchen certainly provides something different, but it does so in a familiar way. When the heroine Mikage finds out that Yuichi's m... ...xperiencing life. When I read Kitchen, I sympathized with Mikage's loss of her grandmother. Until now, I still do not truly know how such a loss feels. So, in some ways, to read a coming-of-age novel is an identification with what you have experienced and a preparation for that which has yet to come. Some may argue that Kitchen is interesting simply because it is written by a foreigner. Without speaking Japanese and reading the original material, we may not know how close the translation is. I argue that it doesn't matter. No matter from where you have come or how far in life you have gotten, after spending a little time in the Kitchen, you will have learned without feeling you have been taught. In the world of those who are still growing up, that is the best way to learn. Work Cited Yoshimoto, Banana. Kitchen. Trans. Megan Backus. NY: Washington Square, 1988.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel written by Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 by J.B. Lippincott Company in Philadelphia & New York. This is the only book that Harper Lee has ever written. It is also one of the best-loved novels in American literature, winning the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Lee is a very private person who doesn’t grant interviews, although her literary agent says she divides her time between her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama and New York. She also enjoys reading, and her favorite authors are Jane Austen, Charles Lamb, and Robert Louis Stevenson. She has said that her novel about a white southern lawyer defending an innocent black man is not autobiographical. But her father was a lawyer, and the inspiration for the character Atticus Finch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To Kill a Mockingbird is about a young girl named Jean-Louise Finch, who they call Scout, her brother Jeremy, nick-named Jem, and many other characters. Their father Atticus, who is a lawyer, had been given a case to handle and did not have a choice but to receive it and work his best for his client. The case was about an African man, named Tom Robinson, who was accused of raping a white woman. This case causes many problems that they have to deal with everyday. The entire town turns against them saying that Atticus is a â€Å"nigger-lover.† Even Atticus’ family turned against them, which really hurts Scout, especially when her cousin Francis says â€Å"I guess it ain’t your fault if Uncle Atticus is a nigger-lover besides, but I’m here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family-† (Harper 91).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism is a major theme in this story along with growing up. Throughout the story the reader sees how Scout and Jem are afraid of Boo Radley because they think he is a monster and try to tease him. Later in the novel they are no longer afraid of him and no longer interested in teasing him. Another example of their maturity is how they view people. When Scout and Jem see how Tom Robinson is treated just because he is black, they begin to understand the meaning of prejudice. Throughout the trial Scout watched and believed that Tom will be found innocent. Instead he is found guilty. Her disappointment in the verdict makes Scout question the idea of justice. Scout and Jem also think that their dad isn’t like any other fathers in school, but as the book goes on, their attitude towards their father has changed, which is another sign of maturity.

Simon Armitages Book of Matches Essay -- Simon Armitage Poems Poetry

Simon Armitage's Book of Matches Explore Armitage`s presentation of his relationship with his parents in the poems: Mother, any distance and My father thought Simon Armitage`s two poems are from a collection called Book of Matches Explore Armitage`s presentation of his relationship with his parents in the poems: â€Å"Mother, any distance† and â€Å"My father thought† Simon Armitage`s two poems are from a collection called â€Å"Book of Matches†, this is based on a party game where you have to talk about your life, in the space of time it takes for the match to burn out (hence the name). You start with facts and then go on to feelings .The moments that Simon Armitage has chosen are defined moments with his parents, he has wrote about his relationship with each of his parents and has used poetic descriptions of times with each of his parents. In the poem: â€Å"Mother, any distance†, Simon Armitage starts by describing how important his mother was to him. The first word he uses is â€Å"Mother† and he is addressing her in second person narrative and as if he was talking directly to her. After, follows â€Å"any distance greater than a single span requires a second pair of hands†, it has 2 meanings and the phrase is a metaphor, one being measuring and needing help doing it but there is a second meaning in it that measuring is going through life and needing help going through life when you can’t do it yourself. â€Å"Requires a second pair of hands† is saying that he has needed his mother lots to help him. â€Å"You† is direct address and in the second person narrative like before, backing up the fact as if he were talking to her directly and personally and the poem is a tribute to his mother. â€Å"You come to help me measure windows, pelmets,... ...e a turning point as he grows out of rebellious, casual teenage rand is turning into his father. The differences between the fathers` relationship with the son and the mothers` relationship with the son is the fathers` relationship is an old fashioned relationship where the father doesn’t show any affection to the son and criticises him and doesn’t really help him but mentally scared as this is a defined moment with his father so there mustn’t be any loving moments with his father. But with his mother, he shares a much more showing affection relationship whether his mother has helped him through his life when he needed help and she brought him into the world and in the end there is an atmosphere where no-one wants to let go without hurting the other but this is not the case with the father as nobody cares about hurting each other in this relationship.

How Video Games Affect Children

How Video Games Effect Children During the last decade, attention and accusations within the media have turned more to the meteoric rise in popularity of arcade-type home computer and console games. Considerable anecdotal evidence abounds about how teenagers are affected by shoot-em-up and beat-em-up games. Zimbardo (1982) remarked that video games are so addictive to young people that they may be socially isolating and may actually encourage violence between people. Another comment came from the surgeon-general of the United States, who expressed his personal view that video games were one of the root causes of family violence in America.He was quoted as saying that children â€Å"are into the games, body and soul – everything is zapping the enemy. Children get to the point where when they see another child being molested by a third child, they just sit back† (Koop, 1982). Because most research into television violence does demonstrate a relationship between the exposu re to aggression and subsequently exhibited aggression, investigations of the effects of video game playing usually have predicted a similar relationship. However, many variables are involved, and researchers offer no clear statement on the role of game playing and aggressiveness.Parameters include, for instance, gender, age grouping, expressed hostility (feelings of aggressiveness) versus exhibited aggression (overt behavior), the behavioral measurement (e. g. , toward a life-size doll, or in terms of shocks administered from an â€Å"aggression machine†), experimental duration of exposure (time spent playing), and personality traits. Also, studies may be laboratory based or observational. I know these are reliable sources because there is an author and also research was done on the topic. #2 This is my second article and it was written in 2010 and the title of it is Pediatrics for Parents.What makes the article reliable is the fact it’s only two years old. Here are s ome facts from the article. The article stated that at a theoretical level, there are reasons to believe that violent video games may have a larger harmful effect than violent video games. But, recent studies that directly compare passive screen media to video games tend to find bigger effects of violent video games. The article also stated that a well-adjusted child who plays violent video games is going to become a school shooter.When you separate studies into those that were well conducted versus those that had major flaws, you find that a well-conducted studies found bigger average effects of violent games on aggression than did the poorly conducted studies. (Anderson, 2010) Internet Source My first internet article is from an online publication for youth and what makes it reliable is the fact is partner of Santa Fe College and University of Florida along with two newspaper companies. First, one negative influence that video games have is that they can foster violence.This means that when kids play these games and see their favorite character commit some type of violent action, they want to repeat it. Second, video games influence youth negatively by supposedly giving children a negative image of women. Women are not usually used in video games, and when they are, their purpose is usually sex appeal. Lastly, social isolation is a negative influence of video games. It causes the student not to care about grades or learning and to want to stay as far away from the real world as possible because of how much the player likes the videogame world. Smith, 2006) #2 According the American Psychological Association, violent video games can increase children's aggression. Dr. Phil explains, â€Å"The number one negative effect is they tend to inappropriately resolve anxiety by externalizing it. So when kids have anxiety, which they do, instead of soothing themselves, calming themselves, talking about it, expressing it to someone, or even expressing it emotionally by crying, they tend to externalize it. They can attack something, they can kick a wall, they can be mean to a dog or a pet. Additionally, there's an increased frequency of violent responses from children who play these kinds of video games. Dr. Phil also points out that violent video games don't teach kids moral consequences. â€Å"If you shoot somebody in one of these games, you don't go to jail, you don't get penalized in some way — you get extra points! † This doesn't mean that your child will go out into the world and shoot someone. â€Å"But they do use more aggressive language, they do use more aggressive images, they have less ability to control their anger and they externalize things in these violent ways.It's absolutely not good,† says Dr. Phil. The reason I feel that this is a reliable because source because it is from the American Psychological Association and Dr. Phil. I have read many great articles from APA. I have also watched Dr Phil shows and I k now it is all true information. References Anderson, A, C. (2010, March 01). Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence, Part II. Pediatrics for Parents, (3/4), 21, Retrieved from http://elibrary. bigchalk. com. ezp-01. lirn. net Koop, E. (1982). Surgeon general sees danger in video games.New York Times, November 10th, p. A16. Dr. Phil (2012). Children and Violent Video Games, Retrieved from http://www. drphil. com/articles/article/297 American Psychology Association www. apa. org Scott, Derek (1995, March 01). The effect of video games on feelings of aggression†¦ Journal of Psychology, ({129}) 121(12), Retrieved from http://elibrary. bigchalk. com. ezp-01. lirn. net Smith, Blake 9th grade (2006, August 17) How Video Games Affect Kids, Retrieved from http://rolemodels. jou. ufl. edu/rolemodels/entertainment/videogames. shtm

War on Words

Matt Professor playscript Review 4-2-13/ box WAR OF haggling What is angiotensin converting enzyme function that we all cope with? What is one thing that is the hardest for some of us? Isnt it how we use our haggle? expression into this tidings War on dustup by Paul Tripp was a fairness taking book that gripped my understanding of nomenclature and exploded it with faithfulness. This book from Tripp allowed me to look into the vastness of run-in and how they affect you and me. In the jump god spoke the earth into existence, forthwith this might non sound vast to some people, just now if we withdraw round it what other things could perfection have with in order to form piece and Earth?Well Im sure he couldve done legion(predicate) other hand gestures and other things, alone he decided that the make install on which we stand and the people that we nab everyday argon to be create out of the words formed in the very mouth of God. When this was explained in the book I absolutely lost my might to think and foc apply on this one thing that truly is important for us as Christians. If God had placed that into ideal shouldnt we understand that our mouth has so much more of significance than we think?In the beginning Tripp separates first on that point were Gods words and because there were Satans words, and Tripp says that there is a difference between words that build up and words that bring down and how Satan is going to use truth but distort it and with his words he will deceive the world of men. Gods words were words of situation and purity. This is the call that Tripp demands us to look into, and ask ourselves which ones are we? Then Tripp continues to hit us with the truth he and then asks a simple question, he says what should we take international from our consideration of discourse in contemporaries 1?First, our words belong to the master. He is the Great Speaker. The wonder, the significance, the glory of human comm unication has its roots in his glory and in his decision to let us run out with us and allow us to lecture with him and others (pg. 15). This is not just something that we should take for granted, but that it should be carefully scripted and formed to show others that our words are not of this world but that our words are conformation that the Lord allows us to relegate to others.The very words that the Lord used in the Garden to communicate to pass and Eve were the very examples that we need to see, and I know that it sounds strange but the holy beings that lacked nothing in their humanity salvage needed that haunting relationship with the Lord though words and feelings spoken through words. Then Tripp takes this interesting movement into what he really means by the struggle beneath the war of words he says, The Word would not have act into our world if our struggle were primarily a struggle of flesh and blood, (pg. 7) he then goes on to say that the problem is our words and an even deeper importance our heart. Tripp goes on to say that the words formed from our mouth are an action of our heart and that we need to go even deeper into our war on words and look into our heart the one thing that the Lord is trying to substitute. Tripp says these changes can exactly take place when we ask for a true renewal of our heart through the saving knowledge of Jesus Christ.When we micturate that this war cannot be fought with our own object but that the word of God and the nutriment being of God need to be a major and only portentous change in our minds and heart, this will change our words from unedifying to encouragement. In a world that uses their own encouragement because it edifies them, the Christian perspective has to be to edify God and not ourselves. In learning this Tripp says scriptures tells us that if we are going to see lasting change in our communication, we must lettuce from within, as we deal with the idolatry of our hearts.