Preforming a Narrative criticism on Jimmy Valvano's speech Essay

Preforming a Narrative criticism on Jimmy Valvano's speech - Essay Example As Jimmy addresses his audience, he gives various accounts of his life as a youth; he narrates what he learnt when he began coaching at 21 years old, how he managed to motivate his youthful team. Additionally, he provides a story of how Coach Lombardi used to motivate his team. This is an imperative aspect of not only a speech, but any other forms of literary works. The use of flashback is imperative in any aspect of literary work owing to the fact that it does not simply enhanced the quality of the work to make it entertaining, but also portray an essence of a deeper meaning (Powell, 7). The use of imagery is not directly applied by Jimmy Valvano in his speech, but rather exhibited in the manner he attempts to subject his audience into certain aspects of imagination. The first incident of imagery in the speech occurs when he narrates to the audience how Coach Lombardi used to keep his players waiting, only to show up in the last few minutes in their locker rooms, banging the door as he moves back and forth. Additionally, the use of imagery is evident, as Jimmy attempts to subject his audience into imagination by describing how he hurt his hand, while trying to imitate Coach Lombardi. The use of imagery as a figure of speech has been associated with certain positive attributes; to begin with, imagery in any form of literary works enhanced the manner by, which these literary works appeals to human senses, thus enhancing their understanding on the literary work presented (Powell, 8). Additionally, the application of imagery as a figure of speech is crucial for placing emphasis on what is being narrated; thus creating some sense of validity of the information as well as an enhanced understanding among the audience (Powell, 9). Hyperbole is a rhetoric use of language; it simply means the use of language to exhibit exaggerations. At the beginning of the speech, Jimmy applies an essence of hyperbole by saying, â€Å"I can’t

Telecom Call Center Research Technology Essay Example for Free

Telecom Call Center Research Technology Essay According to Malhotra (2004: 5-6) interview is defined as an unstructured, direct personal interview to uncover the underlying motivation, beliefs, attitudes and feelings on a topic. Thus if interviews are used in this case the gains will be; quick response from respondents, permits interviewer to delve deep into the topic, there is allowance to discuss confidential, sensitive even embarrassing issues concerning the topic, and good understanding of complicated behavior (consumer behavior). Interviews have also there following limitations; there costly, analysis of real time data is difficult to interpret, respondents bias like personal opinion concerning matter at hand, its generally time consuming. Survey; entail a structured questionnaire given to sample population and designed to elicit specific information from respondents. Three methods exist in survey; i. Telephone interview- involves calling a sample of respondents and asking them a series of questions. ii. Personal interviewing- can be through face to face, mall intercepted, computer assisted interview. iii. Mail interview – questionnaire is mailed to pre selected potential respondents. Through survey: data collection is simpler through administration of questionnaires, data reliability as responses are limited to the alternatives stated, analysis, coding and interpretation is relatively simpler. Its shortcomings include; respondents unwilling to provide desired information, none response to sensitive or personal questions, failure to capture certain types of data as beliefs and attitude due to fixed response alternatives. According to Zbikowski,(2007): there are five KPI`s that determine the performance of a call center and they are; cost per call, customer satisfaction, first contact resolution rate, agent utilization and aggregate call center performance. Thus in a call center, the most effective cost metric is cost per contact, and the best indicator of quality is customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is affected by a whole range of other performance variables, including Average Speed of Answer (ASA), Call Quality, and Handle Time, but the single biggest driver of customer satisfaction, by far, is, first contact resolution rate. The KPI`s are effective as they handle customer needs from the time they make first contact to the call center to during the conversation and all the process that lead up to them ending the call. Research design – is a plan according to which research participants are chosen, information collected and data analysis and interpretation done. (Kotler et . al, 2006: 100-105). This case the appropriate design to be used is descriptive study and both qualitative and quantitative approach. According to Malhotra et al (1996: 10-12), a descriptive study has its objective as a description of something in regards to who, what, where and how of a phenomenon which is the concern of the current study. The researcher should use survey method (questionnaires) to collect information from the respondents which will be recorded and findings reported. (Kotler et . al, 1999:20-25) explains that interviews are a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behaviors. He further explains that they are good in that; are completed and immediate, use recording equipment, good response rate, possible in-depth questions, can investigate motives and feelings among others. These qualities of interviews facilitate the accurate collection of needed data as interviewee is on the spotlight thus tendency to relay accurate information. The main limitation of descriptive study is that you cannot identify the cause behind a phenomenon; you can just describe and report the observation. Informal Questions The following sets of questions are to be responded to by a manager of a call center. 1) Are call centers profitable to organizations? This is to establish if call centers are really needed. 2) What are the challenges of running call centers? To get the feel of the every day hustles at the call centers. 3) Are there any frequently asked questions from the customers? To identify if they keep a database of constantly asked questions (record keeping). 4) Is industry competitive? Establish if center is analyses there markets for factors that can affect there profitability 5) What is the level of innovation in the industry? To find out if the centers are constantly looking for better technologies to serve their customers. 6) What is level of regulation from concerned ministries? To establish if there set minimum threshold by the government they are required to abide by. Data Collection Mugenda (1999: 46-58) there exits two broad types of data collection methods; primary and secondary data. Where possible, data should be collected from several sources to crosscheck for errors. Primary data is data originated by the researcher for the purpose of research problem, this could be through; observation, focus groups, depth interview and survey methods. Secondary data is the type collected for other purposes other than the problem at hand. Secondary Data- can be further divided into external and internal data. Internal data is data available within the organization for which research is being conducted. In this case any information gathered from visit of one or numerous call centers is classified internal data. External data is data that originates from sources outside the organization, like from journals, books, newspapers, reports, magazines periodicals. For our case external sources form the backbone of all the data which translates into information regarding this research problem. Data Sampling Malhotra (2004: 20-33) data sampling is a definite plan for obtaining facts from a given population, its normally done so as to reduce number of subjects to be studied. Sampling method can either be probability based or non probability based. Probability based is a random sampling technique where every item of the population has an equal chance of inclusion in sample. Under probability based the researcher can use cluster sampling because it’s used when impossible to obtain a sampling frame because population is either too big or scattered over a large geographical area like collection of data from numerous call centers. Non probability is a method where the chance of selecting a population element is unknown. Under non probability researcher can use purposive sampling because it allows researcher to use cases that have required information with respect to the research problem, or snowball sampling where identified subjects with the desired characteristics help name others that they know have the required characteristics until researcher gets the number of cases he/she wants. Surveys Interviews Orodho (2000:15-18) explains that the choice of method is influenced by the data collection strategy, the type of variable, the accuracy required, the collection point and the skill of the enumerator. Call centers data is constantly changing and thus data collection should be conducted at sufficient intervals. Malhotra (2004: 6-7) For interviews the use of depth interviews will be appropriate which is an unstructured direct, personal interview in which a single respondent is probed by an interviewer to uncover underlying motivation, beliefs, attitudes and feelings on a topic. The use of structured questionnaires assist to collect some other data that interviews could not collect, thus avoidance of redundancy and errors. Research is basically collection of as much relevant raw data as possible and analysis of it to information. Mostly the upside is the personal gain in knowledge; discover findings/statistics, personal/societal recognition and some financial gain. The downside can be possession of information that can be a security risk, financial constrains and time management issues. Research therefore only lays down the facts; the interpretation should on individual basis, â€Å"like the recent study that shows persons are highly likely to contact diseases when taking a shower due to accumulation of micro organisms together with rust at the head of the shower†. (Harriet Copper: February, 2006) References: Donald, K. , and Delno, L. , (2006), Proposal and Thesis writing, Paulines Publications Africa, Nairobi, pp 156-158. Einwiller, S. and Will, M. (2002), â€Å"Towards an integrated approach to corporate branding – an empirical study†, Corporate Communications, Vol. 7 No. 2, p. 100. Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. , (2002, Principles of marketing, 11th ed. , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle river. Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. , Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999), Principles of Marketing, 2nd ed. , Prentice Hall, Harlow. Leonard, B. , Parasuraman, A. , and Zeithmal, V. (1993), â€Å"Ten lessons of improving service quality,† MSI report, Cambridge marketing science institute. Malhotra, (1996), Research Methodology, Phoenix Publications, Africa Nairobi. Margulies, W. (1977). Make the most of your Corporate Identity. Harvard Business Review, pp 66-77. Mugenda, O. , and Mugenda, A. , (1999), Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Acts press, Nairobi. Orodho, John Aluko (2000), Elements of Research Methods, Masola Publishers, Nairobi Kenya. www. cwu. edu/~jefferis www. callcentermagazine. com www. call-center-metrics. com www. metricnet. com www. alive. com

Protein Requirements and Nutrition

Protein Requirements and Nutrition AYUSH SAXENA Proteins in nutrition For every physical activity, the body requires energy and the amount depends on the duration and type of activity. Energy is measured in Calories and is obtained from the body stores or the food we eat. Glycogen is the main source of fuel used by the muscles to enable you to undertake both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. If you train with low glycogen stores, you will feel constantly tired, training performance will be lower and you will be more prone to injury and illness. Nutrient Balance Carefully planned nutrition must provide an energy balance and a nutrient balance. The nutrients are: Proteins essential to growth and repair of muscle and other body tissues Fats one source of energy and important in relation to fat soluble vitamins Carbohydrates our main source of energy Minerals those inorganic elements occurring in the body and which are critical to its normal functions Vitamins water and fat soluble  vitamins  play important roles in many chemical processes in the body Water essential to normal body function as a vehicle for carrying other nutrients and because 60% of the human body is water Roughage the fibrous indigestible portion of our diet essential to health of the  digestive system One gram of protein or carbohydrate contains 4 calories, while one gram of fat has 9 calories. Protein Quality: Nutritive Value The quality of protein depends on the level at which it provides the nutritional amounts of essential amino acids needed for overall body health, maintenance, and growth. Animal proteins, such as eggs, cheese, milk, meat, and fish, are consideredhigh-quality,orcomplete, proteinsbecause they provide sufficient amounts of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins, such as grain, corn, nuts, vegetables and fruits, arelower-quality,orincomplete, proteinsbecause many plant proteins lack one or more of the essential amino acids, or because they lack a proper balance of amino acids. Incomplete proteins can, however, be combined to provide all the essential amino acids, though combinations of incomplete proteins must be consumed at the same time, or within a short period of time (within four hours), to obtain the maximum nutritive value from the amino acids. Such combination diets generally yield a high-quality protein meal, providing sufficient amounts and proper balance of the essential am ino acids needed by the body to function. The function of proteins In virtually every biological process proteins are playing a role. Some of the main functions of proteins in the human body are to: Build, strengthen and repair/replace things, such as tissue. Examples include keratin (strengthens protective coverings, such as hair), collagen and elastin (both provide support for connective tissue). Make antibodies for our immune system Make hormones, which help cells send messages and coordinate bodily activities Muscle contractions actin and myosin, two types of proteins, are involved in muscle contraction and movement. Make enzymes. An enzyme facilitates a biochemical reaction. Carry things hemoglobin, a protein, transports oxygen through the blood. Mediate cell response rhodopsin is a protein in the eye which is used for vision Store things ferritin is a protein which stores iron in the liver Recent developments on protein function. High protein diets may help promote weight loss.  The International Food Council Foundation found that a high percentage of women who eat more protein do not only avoid weight gain, but also report weight loss. A high protein diet may be good for bone health.  An investigation published in theJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, revealed that a calorie controlled diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein along with daily exercise has a significantly positive impact on bone health in overweight individuals as well as obese young women. Energy provision. Protein is not a significant source of energy for the body when there are sufficient amounts of  carbohydrates  and fats available, nor is protein a storable energy, as in the case of fats and carbohydrates. However, if insufficient amounts of carbohydrates and fats are ingested, protein is used for energy needs of the body. The use of protein for energy is not necessarily economical for the body, because tissue maintenance, growth, and repair are compromised to meet energy needs. If taken in excess, protein can be converted into body fat. Protein yields as much usable energy as carbohydrates, which is 4 kcal/gm (kilocalories per gram). Although not the main source of usable energy, protein provides the essential amino acids that are needed for adenine, the nitrogenous base of ATP, as well as other nitrogenous substances, such as creatine phosphate (nitrogen is an essential element for important compounds in the body). Dietary requirements of protein Nobody seems to agree on how much protein we can eat; experts from industry, government agencies, diet companies and nutritional organizations have a varying list of assertions. An individuals daily protein requirement depends on several factors, including: Age a growing childs needs will not be the same as an individual aged 80 years Sex males generally require more protein than (non-pregnant or non-breastfeeding) females Weight an individual who weighs 200lbs will require more protein compared to somebody who weighs 120lbs. In fact, recent studies indicate that weight matters more than age when determining dietary protein requirements. Muscular exertion an individual who earns his living delivering pianos will require more protein than a computer programmer of the same age and height Muscle mass a muscle-bound weight trainer will need more dietary protein than a marathon runner Health a person who is convalescing after an illness or medical procedure may need more dietary protein than other people Protein Requirement and Nutrition The recommended protein intake for an average adult is generally based on body size: 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight is the generally recommended daily intake. The recommended daily allowances of protein do not vary in times of strenuous activities or exercise, or with progressing age. However, there is a wide range of protein intake which people can consume according to their period of development. For example, the recommended allowance for an infant up to six months of age, who is undergoing a period of rapid tissue growth, is 2.2 grams per kilogram. For children ages seven through ten, the recommended daily allowance is around 36 total grams, depending on body weight. Pregnant women need to consume an additional 30 grams of protein above the average adult intake for the nourishment of the developing fetus. Percentage of energy that should come from protein: Infants (7 12 mo) 11 grams per day Infants (0 6 mo) 9.1 grams per day Teenage boys (14 18 y) 52 grams per day Teenage girls (14 18 y) up to 46 grams per day Adult men approximately 56 grams per day Adult women approximately 46 grams per day Pregnant or lactating (breastfeeding) women about 71 grams per day According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protein intake should be: Children ages 1 to 3 13 grams per day Children ages 4 to 8 19 grams per day Children ages 9 to 13 34 grams per day Girls ages 14 to 18 46 grams per day Boys ages 14 to 18 52 grams per day Women ages 19 to 70+ 46 grams per day Men ages 19 to 70+ 56 grams per day Protein deficiency In some developing countries protein deficiency is a major cause of illness and premature death. Protein deficiency can lead to mental retardation and reduced IQ, In most parts of the world where protein deficiency is common, total food energy consumption is also too low i.e. people are not getting enough food in general. Protein deficiency can lead to: Growth problems Wasting and shrinkage of muscle tissue Apathy Diarrhea Fatty liver Swollen belly Swollen legs Anemia Weaker immune system, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections and diseases In several countries where protein deficiency is a serious problem, the leaves and other parts of the Moringa tree can help provide dietary protein. In developed countries, especially Western Europe where the dietary requirements of poorer people are very carefully monitored and resolved, protein deficiency is quite rare. In developed nations, protein deficiency is more likely to occur among people on crash diets, or among very elderly individuals who do not eat properly. Sources of dietary protein Poultry Fish and fish eggs Insects Dairy products Seeds and nuts Soya products Eggs Grains, vegetables and legumes also have protein (less per kilo of total weight) Meat Amino acids Proteins are large molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The biochemical activity of proteins is characterised by their individual structure, size and shape. These factors are determined by the sequence and characteristics of the constituent amino acids. There are about 20 different amino acids commonly found in plant and animal proteins. For adults, 8 of these, have to be provided in the diet and are therefore defined as ‘essential’ or ‘indispensable’ amino acids. These are: Leucine Isoleucine Valine Threonine Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Lysine. In children, arginine, histidine, cysteine, glycine, tyrosine, glutamine and proline are also considered to be essential (indispensable) amino acids, because children are unable to make enough to meet their needs. These are referred to as ‘conditionally’ essential. There may also be certain disease states during adult life when a particular amino acid becomes conditionally essential. The other amino acids do not have to be provided by the diet. This is because the amino group of these amino acids can be transferred to another amino acid with a different amino group by a process called transamination. In this way the body is able to make some amino acids itself. These are known as ‘non-essential’ or ‘dispensable’ amino acids. How much protein should we eat? The Dietary Reference Values for protein are based on estimates of need. For adults, an average requirement of 0.6g of protein per kilogram bodyweight per day is estimated. The Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) is set at 0.75g of protein per kilogram bodyweight per day in adults. This equates to approximately 56g/day and 45g/day for men and women aged 19-50 years respectively. There is an extra requirement for growth in infants and children and for pregnant and breast feeding women. Any excess protein can be used to provide energy. 1g of protein provides 17kJ (4 kcal) but carbohydrate, and to a lesser extent fat, should be the main sources of dietary energy. At present, protein provides around 16% of energy on average in the British diet. The nature of protein in the diet Most foods contain either animal or plant cells and will therefore naturally contain protein. But the processing of foods may change the amounts and relative proportions of some amino acids; for example the Maillard reaction and the associated browning that occurs when foods are baked reduces the available lysine. The quality of the protein is also important and depends on the amino acids that are present. Proteins from animal sources have a higher biological value than proteins from plant sources. This is because the pattern of amino acids in animal cells is comparable to the pattern in human cells. Plant foods may have very different patterns of amino acids compared to animal proteins, and, in the past, this difference has lead to a concept of first-class and second-class proteins, for animal and plant foods respectively. However, diets are typically varied in the UK and rarely made up of single foods. A combination of plant proteins tends to have a complementary effect boosting th eir overall biological value. Complementary action of proteins (plant protein) In most diets, different proteins tend to complement each other in their amino acid pattern, so when two foods providing vegetable protein are eaten at a meal, such as a cereal (e.g. bread) andpulses (e.g. baked beans), the amino acids of one protein may compensate for the limitations of the other, resulting in a combination of higher biological value. This is known as the complementary action of proteins. Thus if vegetarians and vegans eat a variety of vegetable proteins in combination, there is no reason why the quality of protein cannot be as good as in a diet comprising meat, milk, fish, eggs or other foods that contain animal protein. Good sources of plant protein include nuts, seeds, pulses, mycoprotein and soya products. There are also small amounts in grains. Animal protein Protein from animal sources contains the full range of essential amino acids required from an adult’s diet. Sources include meat, fish, eggs, milk and cheese. For most of us, low fat options of these foods are preferable as some can be high in saturated fat. Good sources of protein Table 1: Protein content of some common foods found in the diet Adults and children should consume two to three servings of protein every day. If plant sources dominate, it is important to make sure that different types are consumed. One typical portion size equates to: †¢ 100g of lean boneless meat (red and poultry) †¢ 140g of fish †¢ 2 medium eggs †¢ 3 tablespoons of seeds or nuts. It is important to choose lower fat protein-rich foods, such as lean meats or reduced fat dairy productsas some high protein foods can also be high in saturated fat. This will help minimise the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Summary and recommendations For basic protein synthesis, you don’t need to consume more than 1.4 to 2.0 g/kg (around 0.64-0.9 g/lb) of protein per day. Nevertheless, consuming higher levels of protein (upwards of 1g per pound of body weight) may help you feel satisfied after eating as well as maintain a healthy body composition and good immune function. You should consume some protein before and after training to ensure adequate recovery. Do not eat more than four eggs per week. Although they are a good source of protein and are low in saturated fat, eggs are very high in cholesterol.

College Admissions Essay: Remembering Mom :: College Admissions Essays

Remembering Mom    The memory of that Christmas Eve years ago still lingers in my mind. Who would have known that a simple candle made of wax and wick would change my way of thinking forever...    Christmas Eve was a special time for Momma and Poppa. Even though there never was enough money to go down to the neighborhood stores to buy presents, Momma and Poppa always made sure I had one present on Christmas morning. In years past I had received a doll made from worn out clothing, with a painted face and hair of yarn. A box made of wood carved by Poppa with my name encircled with a heart. One gift to a young child may not be much, but Momma and Poppa always made sure there was something under our tiny Christmas tree.    But this year Momma was not home for Christmas. The Angels had come for her earlier the summer before. Poppa had grown weary working jobs that paid very little and kept him away for days on end. Leaving me to tend to the house and to keep up with my schooling. Momma always knew what the perfect gift would be that would make my Christmas complete. She was the one who made the doll and suggested the box that I still hold dear today. But now Momma was gone and Poppa was away, leaving me alone on Christmas Eve.    I sat alone reading by the dim light of the last candle that I found in Mommas nightstand. Momma made such beautiful candles, dipping each wick lovingly into the hot wax over and over until the candles took form. Before gently hanging them up to dry she would take a knife and carve a word on each one. Through the years, I had seen the words hope, love, giving, along with a multitude of others. I took the candle down from stand and this one had one word cut delicately in its side...remember.    How odd a word to put on one of her lovely candles. It seemed strange not to see a word of hope, love, charity or even family. Remember. Why would Momma put such a simple word on this last candle? Taking the candle down from the shelf, memories of Momma flooded into my mind. Her soft golden hair, the smell of her favorite perfume, even the memory of her voice seemed to echo in my ear.

Loans with Interest in Early Christianity and Islam Essay

When an individual thinks of religion, the first thing that comes to a believer’s mind is the nonnegotiable worship of a supreme being(s) as a source of tranquility whenever he/she is in distress. On the other hand, to a pro-secularization individual, religion only causes pricey conflicts between different cultures and is considered an outdated practice which should not have a place in today’s society. What people in general tend to forget about religion is that it their respective figures like Prophet Muhammad and Jesus wanted to promote a way of life that would aim to achieve a standard of living that would see all members of the community equal. And a big part of any way of life is fair trade and decreasing the gap between the rich and the poor. This essay will compare and contrast the early Christian and the current Muslim prohibitions against lending money at interest in the context of today’s constant recession-threatening environment. In order to be able to relate both the Muslim and Christian stance on the topic of lending money at issue it is integral to highlight the why countries tend to fall into a recession. In 2008, the US recession related to Americans buying houses they could not afford. In North America, investing in real estate is seen as a bullet-proof way of making money; making a low down payment expecting the value of their house to increase but it didn’t which leads foreclosure and eventually huge losses for banks. Today, movements such as Occupy Toronto protest the lack of social responsibility of bankers who give out mortgages knowing the client would not be able to pay it off – it’s an economical concern of using money people simply don’t physically have. In Islam, the term for interest is Riba which literally means a gain in the Arabic language. â€Å"The Prophet said, ‘The selling of wheat for wheat is Riba (usury) except if it is handed from hand to hand and equal in amount. Similarly the selling of barley for barley is Riba except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount, and dates for dates is usury except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount. † (Umar). From an economical perspective, what the Prophet of Islam is referring to here is the idea that only the actual value of dates should exist in any trade transaction. For example, a bank giving out a loan for 100,000 dollars with an interest of 10% means that the 10,000 interest to be paid does not actually exist in the economy and hence to the prophet this is considered riba because the bank is gaining money out of nowhere. In the Sharia, the modern day solution to this banking issue is Islamic banking which offers; â€Å".. more just and equitable distribution of resources; more responsible and profitable lending due to the necessarily closer bank-client relationship; less volatile business cycles; and more stable banking systems. † (Evans, 1987) Similarly, early Christianity has the same general view of usury, â€Å"In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord God. † (Exekiel 22:12). However, Islam tends to be stricter about preserving authenticity of teachings of Allah or Prophet Muhammad because the teachings were meant to be implemented in the governing of the Islamic state; shariah. Ambiguity, over time, has led to an equivocal view of usury in the Christian faith, â€Å".. to the extent that Christian doctrine rested on an Aristotelian foundation it was vulnerable to the charge of being, at heart, anti-trade and commerce. Aristotle adopted the view, later followed by the Physiocrats, that the natural way to get wealth is by skillful management of house and land. Usury was diabolical and clearly the worst way of making money. But there was also something degraded about trading and exchanging things rather than actually making them,as summed up in the medieval saying,‘Homo mercator vix aut numquam Deo placerepotest’– the merchant can scarcely or never be pleasing to God. By contrast, the Holy Qur’an endorsed trade, so long as it was not usurious. † (Lewis, 2007) On the contrary, with the when Islam and Muhammad did rise to power in the Arabian region, trade was something the Arabs were known for and was also religiously encouraged; there were virtually no disputes or new philosophies. A lack of a solid implementation of the no usury rule (which only strictly existed in Early Christianity) lead to more lenient rule as times changed and the numerous Scriptures were considered more and more ambiguous. As the ages progressed since early Christianity, it went from no exceptions to usury to exceptions made such as allowed usury as long as the interest rate for the loan was fair and reasonable. In one of Ruston’s books he mentioned; â€Å"usury passed from being an offence against public morality which a Christian government was expected to suppress to being a matter of private conscience [and] a new generation of Christian moralists redefined usury as excessive interest† (R, 1993) Hence, since Islam and Christianity are both Abrahamic religions, the view on the concept of usury is fairly similar in essence however politics has always had an influence on trade since the beginning of time. In today’s world, with Muslim nations trading with Christian and secular nations and likewise with banking, it has become increasingly difficult to impose shariah or the teachings of Jesus in our interdependent global economy. Globally, the concern of usury has transformed to become more of a concern of social responsibility and social justice. While Islamic and Christian share similarities and some slight political differences with regards to interest, it remains an important moral reminder of preserving financial stability even if it might sound a little too unrealistic and utopian in our world today.

Ringers Solution Recipe

Ringers Solution Recipe Ringers solution is a special salt solution made up to be isotonic to physiological pH. It is named for Sydney Ringer, who determined that the liquid around a frogs heart must contain a set proportion of salts if the heart is to remain to beat (1882 -1885). There are different recipes for Ringers solution, depending on its intended purpose and the organism. Ringers solution is an aqueous solution of sodium, potassium and calcium salts. Lactated Ringers solution (LR, LRS or RL) is a special Ringers solution that contains lactate and is isotonic to human blood. Here are some recipes for Ringers solution. Ringers Solution pH 7.3-7.4 7.2 g sodium chloride - NaCl0.37 g potassium chloride - KCl0.17 g calcium chloride - CaCl2 Dissolve the reagents into the reagent-grade water.Add water to bring the final volume to 1 L.Adjust the pH to 7.3-7.4.Filter the solution through a 0.22-ÃŽ ¼m filter.Autoclave Ringers solution prior to use. Emergency Veterinary Ringers Solution This solution is intended for rehydration of small mammals, to be administered orally or subcutaneously via a syringe. This particular recipe is one that can be prepared using common chemicals and household equipment. Reagent-grade chemicals and an autoclave would be preferable if you have access to those, but this gives you an idea of an alternate method of preparing a sterile solution: 9.0 g sodium chloride - NaCl (154.00 mM): non-iodized table salt0.4 g potassium chloride - KCl (5.64 mM): Morton or NOW salt substitute0.2 - 0.3 g calcium chloride - CaCl2 (2.16 mM): calcium chloride powder1.3 g dextrose (11.10 mM): granular dextrose0.2 g sodium bicarbonate - NaHCO3 (2.38 mM): baking soda  (*add last) Mix together the sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and dextrose solutions or salts.If salts were used, dissolve them in about 800 ml of distilled or reverse osmosis water (not tap water or spring water or water to which minerals have been added).Mix in the baking soda. The baking soda is added last so that the calcium chloride will dissolve/not precipitate out of solution.Dilute the solution to make 1 L of Ringers solution.Seal the solution in small canning jars and cook it at least 20 minutes in a pressurized steam canner.The sterile solution is good for 2-3 years unopened or up to 1 week refrigerated, once opened. Reference:   Biological Bulletin Compendia,  Cold Spring Harbor Protocols

Heathrow Terminal 5 Project

Heathrow Terminal 5 Project Critical Analysis of the Heathrow Terminal 5 Project Terminal 5 (T5) was officially opened in the London’s Heathrow Airport in 2008 with an objective to increase the airport’s capacity up to 95 million passengers annually (Chan 2012). At that, the intended capacity of T5 was 30 million passengers each year (Towards a sustainable Heathrow 2011). The key challenges of the project during the initial stage were insuring the timely delivery of investment and balanced distribution of risk among the suppliers (Kerzner 2014). During the midpoint, the timely delivery of funds through investment continued to be the major complexity due to the existing uncertainty in the global economy drawing at this point to the upcoming economic crisis (Kerzner 2014).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heathrow Terminal 5 Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another remarkable challenge at this stage of the project completion was insuring that all stakeholders engaging in this megaproject would finish their work on budget and on time (Boardman Sauser 2013; Towards a sustainable Heathrow 2011). At the end of the project, the main challenge was to identify problematic areas in the terminal functioning and for this sake, a stress test procedures continuing for over a year were held both by the contracting employers and other stakeholders (Bridger 2013). Some researchers feel that the success of a megaproject is closely connected with the two major factors – collaboration among various groups and system integration. The review of the evidence from a row of scholarly sources suggests that the two factors are positively the most important to the success of any megaproject because without effective group work, practical holism, and convergence, such complex and multi-component projects cannot be realized (Bourne 2012; Fewings 2013; Ochieng, Price Moore 2013). The major systems that had to be integrated into T5 were electrical systems, mechanical systems, civil systems, technology contractors, and communications systems (Towards a sustainable Heathrow 2011). These systems had to be jointly optimized since their consistent functioning is possible only under the condition of full integration and total reciprocality (Bridger 2013; Ochieng, Price Moore 2013). According to the class reading authors’ opinion, construction of ventures such as T5 requires abandoning the idea that all projects are unique. Possible rationale for making such recommendation is the need for the systemic thinking when approaching any complex task requiring the multi-step and multi-aspect strategy. It is difficult not to agree with this opinion because it is definitely more convenient to approach a complex project when one is aware of the general steps that are to be made to handle it. For instance, according to Boardman and Sauser (2013), systemic thinking enables holistic view of process and ensures th e achievement of the best practice in tackling the project scale, complexity, and uncertainty. However, based on the experience of British Airport Authority (BAA), it is good to be aware of some of the unique features of every project because this approach would help coping with the unique challenges of each construction (Towards a sustainable Heathrow 2011). Thus, my opinion is that one should have a balanced view between tackling every project as something usual and being aware of its exclusive characteristics. Assessment of the Project Manager’s Role in the Heathrow Terminal 5 Project and Denver Airport Project The Denver Airport project is a classic example of how the most auspicious initiatives fail when poor project management operates. The lack of collaboration among various groups and system integration in the Denver Airport led to the 16 months delay in its opening and total rejection of supporting of its baggage system after 10 years of its operation due to the impo ssibility of solving its coordination issues (Appold Kasarda 2013). Addressing the Denver Airport project in comparison with the Heathrow T5 project, the key differences between how the main problems with resources, people, and processes were handled are dysfunctional decision making and disintegrated systems in the Denver Airport (Barrett 2015). These two classical examples illustrate the significance of effective project management.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If I were the project manager, I would stick to the strategy implemented by BAA for the T5, since their approach to collaboration and systems integration is exemplary. The main point of their strategy that appeared a valuable finding for me was their ability to insure that all stakeholders engaging in the megaproject would finish their work on budget and on time. They managed to achieve this result by the well-thought of financial policy based on the principle of providing considerable bonuses for those stakeholders that would manage to complete work timely and in line with the agreed disbursements plan (Towards a sustainable Heathrow 2011). Since financial factor continues to be the major motivator for the stakeholder performance improvement, I would implement the approach of providing extra funding for the disciplined partners. Reference List Appold, S Kasarda, J 2013, ‘The airport city phenomenon: evidence from large US airports’, Urban Studies, vol. 50, no. 3, pp.1239-1259. Barrett, S 2015, ‘Ownership structures and the implications for developing airport solar projects in the USA’, Journal of Airport Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 248-263. Boardman, J, Sauser, B 2013, Systemic thinking: building maps for worlds of systems, John Wiley Sons, Somerset, NJ, USA. Bourne, L 2012, Stakeholder relationship management, Gower, Farnham, GB. Bridger, R 2013, Plane truth: aviation’s real impact on people and the environment, Pluto Press, London, GBR.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heathrow Terminal 5 Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chan, P 2012, Heathrow’s Terminal 5: History in the Making, Construction Management Economics, 30, 6, pp. 498-500. Fewings, P 2013, Construction Project Management, 2nd edn, Routledge, New Yourk, USA. Kerzner, HR 2014, Project management best practices: achieving global excellence, 3rd edn, John Wiley Sons, Incorporated, Somerset, NJ, USA. Ochieng, E, Price, A Moore, D 2013, Management of global construction projects, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Towards a sustainable Heathrow 2011, https://www.heathrow.com/file_source/Company/Static/PDF/Communityandenvironment/Afocusontheeconomy.pdf.

Lee v. Weisman (1992) - Prayers at School Graduation

Lee v. Weisman (1992) - Prayers at School Graduation How far can a school go when it comes to accommodating the religious beliefs of students and parents? Many schools have traditionally had someone offer prayers at important school events like graduations, but critics argue that such prayers violate the separation of church and state because they mean that the government is endorsing particular religious beliefs. Fast Facts: Lee v. Weisman Case Argued: November 6, 1991Decision Issued:Â  June 24, 1992Petitioner: Robert E. LeeRespondent: Daniel WeismanKey Question: Did letting a religious officiant offer a prayer during an official public school ceremony violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Blackmun, O’Connor, Stevens, Kennedy, and SouterDissenting: Justices Rehnquist, White, Scalia, and ThomasRuling: Since the graduation was state-sponsored, the prayer was deemed in violation of the Establishment Clause. Background Information Nathan Bishop Middle School in Providence, RI, traditionally invited clergy to offer prayers at graduation ceremonies. Deborah Weisman and her father, Daniel, both of whom were Jewish, challenged the policy and filed suit in court, arguing that the school had turned itself into a house of worship after a rabbis benediction. At the disputed graduation, the rabbi thanked for: ...the legacy of America where diversity is celebrated...O God, we are grateful for the learning which we have celebrated on this joyous commencement...we give thanks to you, Lord, for keeping us alive, sustaining us and allowing us to reach this special, happy occasion. With help from the Bush administration, the school board argued that the prayer was not an endorsement of religion or of any religious doctrines. The Weismans were supported by the ACLU and other groups interested in religious freedom. Both the district and appellate courts agreed with the Weismans and found the practice of offering prayers unconstitutional. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court where the administration asked it to overturn the three-prong test created in Lemon v. Kurtzman. Court Decision Arguments were made on November 6th, 1991. On June 24th 1992, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that prayers during school graduation violate the Establishment Clause. Writing for the majority, Justice Kennedy found that officially sanctioned prayers in public schools were so clearly a violation that the case could be decided without relying upon the Courts earlier church/separation precedents, thus avoiding questions about the Lemon Test entirely. According to Kennedy, the governments involvement in religious exercises at graduation is pervasive and unavoidable. The state creates both public and peer pressure on students to rise for and remain silent during prayers. State officials not only determine that an invocation and benediction should be given, but also select the religious participant and provide guidelines for the content of the nonsectarian prayers. The Court viewed this extensive state participation as coercive in the elementary and secondary school settings. The state in effect required participation in a religious exercise, since the option of not attending one of lifes most significant occasions was no real choice. At a minimum, the Court concluded, the Establishment Clause guarantees that government may not coerce anyone to support or participate in religion or its exercise. What to most believers may seem nothing more than a reasonable request that the nonbeliever respect their religious practices, in a school context may appear to the nonbeliever or dissenter to be an attempt to employ the machinery of the State to enforce a religious orthodoxy. Although a person could stand for the prayer merely as a sign of respect for others, such an action could justifiably be interpreted as accepting the message. The control held by teachers and principals over the students actions forces those graduating to submit to the standards of behavior. This is sometimes referred to as the Coercion Test. Graduation prayers fail this test because they put impermissible pressure on students to participate in, or at least show respect for, the prayer. In a dictum, Justice Kennedy wrote about the importance of the separating church and state: The First Amendments Religion Clauses mean that religious beliefs and religious expression are too precious to be either proscribed or prescribed by the State. The design of the Constitution is that preservation and transmission of religious beliefs and worship is a responsibility and a choice committed to the private sphere, which itself is promised freedom to pursue that mission. [...] A state-created orthodoxy puts at grave risk that freedom of belief and conscience which are the sole assurance that religious faith is real, not imposed. In a sarcastic and scathing dissent, Justice Scalia said that prayer is a common and accepted practice of bringing people together and the government should be allowed to promote it. The fact that prayers can cause division for those who disagree with or are even offended by the content simply wasnt relevant, as far as he was concerned. He also didnt bother to explain how sectarian prayers from one religion could unify people of many different religions, never mind people with no religion at all. Significance This decision failed to reverse the standards established by the Court in Lemon. Instead, this ruling extended the prohibition of school prayer to graduation ceremonies and refused to accept the idea that a student would not be harmed by standing during the prayer without sharing the message contained in the prayer.

Macroeconomics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics - Article Example It deals with the aggregated indicators such as price indices, GDP, unemployment, inflation, savings, investments, national income etc. It looks at prices of all goods and of all services. In short, it looks at whole economy. Macroeconomics also deal with the exchange rates. The higher will be the exchange rate, the lower will be the international demand due to expensive products. Macroeconomics deals with the critical economy issues such as inflation rate, unemployment rate, recession state etc. Recession is a period of two or more successive quarters of decreasing production. Scarcity of any resource becomes a cause of rise in price while access availability of any resource causes a fall in price of that commodity. Before we discuss U.S inflation, we must know the role of inflation. Inflation is basically an increase in average price level of a country while deflation is totally opposite to inflation. Deflation is the downward decrease in average prices level. Inflation in United States is also due to record oil prices that had increased the petrol price. Inflation is also caused by excessive money creation. Consumer Price Index (CPI), Consumption Expenditures Index (CPI) are tools to keep a check on average prices. One must thoroughly look into the average rise case because rise in the price of any one commodity may also cause a rise in price index. An average rise in the prices of food and beverages, apparel, energy prices, education, transportation, housing etc shows the horrible picture. As Inflation decreases the money value, countries consider it as a key issue. Change in prices of goods and services at domestic level is also measured by GDP deflator. Demand-pull inflation, Cost-push the ory (Supply shock inflation), Money Supply etc are the causes of inflation in a country. Economy of United States is also known for being rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil. Five large, inland lake flow along with the US border with Canada. That has been a reason of economic growth in the last few years and maintained a high overall GDP rate, a low unemployment rate but in the end of 2007, growth was hit by the troubles in the housing and credit market. Unemployment is also considered as one of the key factor in macroeconomics. Unemployment refers to people who are jobless and are seeking some work. The unemployment rate is obtained by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the number of persons in the labor force. It is mostly expressed in percentage as its value is less than one. It has been suggested that US growth could be cut to nearby 1.5% in 2008. Unemployment is also higher than it was at the end of the last boom in the l990s. The fall in the value of US dollar is also a hot topic nowadays. The Federal Reserve has cut rates in 2008 to control the situation. Investors seem least interested in dollar due to lower interest rates and due to significant trade deficit.

Paul Klee and Pablo Picasso The Glorious Artists Essay

Paul Klee and Pablo Picasso The Glorious Artists - Essay Example The essay "Paul Klee and Pablo Picasso The Glorious Artists" will help to understand the important role of such artists as Paull Klee and Pablo Picasso. Here will be discussed famous words of glorious artists. Abstract art never shows flowers as flowers, houses as houses etc. Mainly abstract art addresses issues that lie deeper than objects of material reality. Paul Klee was in a broad sense a transcendentalist who accepted that the material world was standing out among numerous realities open to human consciousness. His applications of color, pattern and miniature sign systems all address his endeavors to utilize art as a window to this philosophical rule. Klee challenged conventional limits differentiating visual art and composition by investigating another expressive, and to a great extent theoretical or graceful dialect of pictorial images and signs. Letters, arrows, musical documentation, old pictographs, or a couple of dark lines remaining in for an individual or question habit ually show up in his work, while seldom requesting a particular interpretation. The artwork that was chosen for the analysis is Winged Hero (1905). This artwork depicts a surreal humanlike creature with one wing. The artist wrote himself on the picture "Because this man was born with one wing, he believed he could fly. His attempts, of course, have only resulted in crashes and a broken left arm and leg". The odd creature could extremely well speak to a sort of self-portrait of the averageartist of the 20th century.

Financial Management for Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial Management for Small Business - Essay Example In this case, it is critical to form a business plan to assist the agency’s long term objectives. This is especially if it is the first time trying to make it in this entrepreneurial venture (BARRINGER, 2008). Some of the aspects that surround this business need addressing so as to make it simpler to deal with the hurdles that these businesses face. This paper will examine such a plan in the car hire service, and how it may impact the growth and development of the business, in the long run. The name of the car hire service company will be Delta. The chosen business needs explaining because not everyone might comprehend the concepts being introduced in the car hire service. It must, therefore, articulate and explain these details to everyone so as to find out what might be needed to make the agency a success. The business plans formulated ought to look at all factors surrounding the business; the good, the bad, and the ugly. It must acknowledge the presence of all factors present in the environment that might enable it to grow, decline, or remain stagnant (FINCH, 2006). In order to attract a wide variety of customers, it is vital to have an image of the cars that are to be hired. In this fast globalising environment, the cars that need hiring are personal that are capable of running for many miles. These include personal cars that can accommodate a fairly large amount of individuals. Nowadays, individuals are keen on having the fun day out while visiting different areas. Having a car hire service that can address these needs is fundamental in the business’s growth. It is vital to understand their needs so as to have the right car to provide the customer (HOSMER, 1976).). Many young couples are interested in cars that are out for their interests. This means that; they want cars that are trendy and lavish to match the new lifestyle (JACKSACK, 1998). The common vehicle models from popular vehicle industries are the

System of Structuring Cities and Understanding Interactions between Essay

System of Structuring Cities and Understanding Interactions between Individual Components within Sets - Essay Example Jane Jacobs illustrates this point most clearly in her chapter in The Death and Life of Great American Cities, â€Å"Uses of Sidewalks: Safety.† In this chapter, Jacobs attempts to analyze the ways in which sidewalks serve as a safety network for various cities. They do this in several ways, from the most basic, elevating and separating pedestrians from bikes and cars which could be dangerous to them, to much more complex systems. It is incredibly important, however, that Jacobs recognizes that the sidewalks in and of themselves do very little to create or destroy a safe environment. Jacobs indicates that people are not merely â€Å"passive beneficiaries of safety or helpless victims of danger† on sidewalks (30), but rather, everyone who participates in the interactions involved on sidewalks, from people in houses and businesses bordering the sidewalk, to the cars bordering the other side, to the pedestrians actually on the sidewalk, all have an important part to play i n keeping these sidewalks safe. She then identifies the human factors that help to keep a feeling of safety or un-safety on sidewalks. Things like high turnover of housing, little community feeling and empty streets with occasional traffic but easy access all lead to feeling (and reality) of un-safety – people are not likely to intervene on each other’s behalf and there is not a high enough mass of people and inter-person respect to provide a feeling of safety. But Jacobs is quick to point out that this safety is not merely a reflection of population density, because if it was, Los Angeles, which is nearly entirely suburban, would have a low rather than high crime rate (32). She also makes it very clear that police cannot solve this problem, and that in fact places with high police presence tend to be the most dangerous – police cannot solve the problems of unsafe cities (31). So to Jacobs the problems of creating safety in cities must rest with people – how to create public spaces in streets and sidewalks that discourage feelings of un-safety while encouraging feelings of community that create a safer environment for everyone. The idea of people being the fundamental unit of architecture appears in the works of Christopher Alexander and Le Corbusier as well, though they take almost opposite tracks to understanding how to fascilitate people’s use of cities. Both recognize very clearly that the living, breathing city is created by people – not the physical spaces, but the people that inhabit them. Alexander takes a natural view of cities, using semilattice and set theory to describe the ways a cities parts interact, through people. He strongly dislikes artificial cities, saying that there is something necessarily missing from them, and that artificial cities tend to create a â€Å"tree† system, where each component is only interrelated to each other through its connection to the whole (80). Each leaf is only conn ected to each other leaf because they are connected to the tree – not because they have any particular relationship to each other.

Peyotism and the Native American Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Peyotism and the Native American Church - Essay Example Peyotism is, essentially, the ingestion of the Peyote, a psychoactive, small, spineless cactus, for religious purposes. Peyote is native to certain parts of Texas and Mexico, and the tribes that settled there have been reported to use it for a long time. There are Inquisition cases that dealt with peyote usage as early as 1614 (Stewart 1980:300). Though there are many prevailing theories about the exact route through which peyote use came to the Native American tribes that were not settled in the regions were this cactus grows, however, this much is clear that the tribes that practiced peyotism taught the practice to either those they had captured, or took the religious practice with them even when they were displaced from their original settlements. According to Stewart, it was the Lipan who were primary contributors to the course that led to the founding of the Peyote Religion in Oklahoma (1974:218), and La Barre agrees (49). Slowly, but surely, peyotism spread; it took on many asp ects of both traditional religious rituals of the Native Americans, along with amalgamating Christian themes within. La Barre states that as early as 1876, the Oto and the Sac were learning a Christianized version of Peyotism from the Tonkawa directly (as cited in Stewart 1974:216). Peyotism evolved and became what is now the Native American Church: a Christian church, with many Native American rituals. Just where the syncretism originated is not quite clear, but the fact remains that the members of this Church consider themselves to be practicing something that â€Å"incorporates distinctly Christian teaching and practices† (Feraca 2001:60). But the fact that most of their practices are frowned upon by the Catholics and the Protestants alike (La Barre 1960) for being incompatible with their practices clearly shows that there are some distinct native rituals that are practiced by this Church. Feraca maintains that at first glance, the paraphernalia used during Church meetings , both of the Half Moon and the Cross Fire sects, looks non-Christian (2001:61). The traditional beaded staff, the single-headed metal drum with three legs of the Cross Fire, and the peyote all are seemingly alien to Christianity, however, to Church goers they represent the walking staff of Christ, the three legs the Trinity, and the peyote itself is the host (ibid.). Similarly, the eagle, the turtle and the water bird symbols used by the Half Moon are considered to be the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit respectively (Ruby 2010:59). All these symbols, paraphernalia and rituals were part of the traditional religions of the tribes, but have now been amalgamated into a new form of Christianity that is practiced by the Natives almost exclusively. Emerson Spider, Sr., who was a Reverend of the Native American Church, when talking about this fusion put it so, â€Å"We are Indian people, and we still have some of our traditional ways†¦There are traditional things that we still have†¦because we grew up with them and we’re Indians† (1987:207). In his article about revitalization movements, Anthony Wallace states that revitalization movements take place when there is dissatisfaction amongst most of the population with the cultural

Business evulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business evulation - Essay Example The fact that partners come from administration, finance, and the sales departments of other successful companies in the market ensures that the company’s departments will be component especially the three which are crucial for the success of any company. Another strength that the company has is the fact that its management structure is well suited for new ideas and contribution meaning that the decisions and policies undertaken by the company will comprise both new and old ideas which will help in the company realising success. Another strength that the company possesses is the various number of services the company is offering. This means that the company will be able to attract income from various sectors of the market since the company is diverse. Weaknesses The fact that the company is very new in the marketing and branding market is a weakness. This is due to the fact that the marketing and branding industry is characterised by a lot of customer loyalty thus many consume rs in the market are loyal to existing brands making it hard for new companies to penetrate the market(Kotler, Etal, 2006.). LaunchMe is currently a small business establishment which is a major weakness since the company is not able to hire many employees. This is due to lack of resources to support a huge staff. As a result, many huge companies with huge projects will forego LaunchMe since they will assume it will be unable to launch huge projects. Another weakness that the company faces is fact that it is operating in the United Kingdom only. This will greatly limit its consumer coverage which is essential for such a company in order for it to attract as many customers as possible. Opportunities Investments opportunities, innovation, and technological revolution provides the LaunchMe company with the opportunity to grow remarkably. This is because current trends are showing that the economy of the United Kingdom is steadily getting back to its where more and more investors are pu tting in their cash to small companies such as LaunchMe which are expected to bring back revenue in the future. The fact that the company aims at focus at business owners and entrepreneurs both in the United Kingdom and the international market presents a great opportunity for growth of the company since the rich people in the country are always interested in starting up new business hence providing a steady market for LaunchMe’s products and ser ices. The branding and marketing industry is a growing industry with new developments and innovations (Belch, 2002). This is not only in the United Kingdom but in the whole world (Wheeler, 2006). This creates an opportunity for the company to both grow geographically and financially. By venturing into other countries in Europe and eventually the while world the company will be able to increase in both size and outreach resulting in the company enjoying more revenue. Threats There are major players who pose threats to the company in t erms of unfair competition. Such companies include Addison Whitney, Siegel and Gale among others. Such companies are a threat to the company since they have a well established customer base meaning they enjoy a lot of customer loyalty. It is a known fact that customer loyalty can result to monopolistic features to

System of Structuring Cities and Understanding Interactions between Essay

System of Structuring Cities and Understanding Interactions between Individual Components within Sets - Essay Example Jane Jacobs illustrates this point most clearly in her chapter in The Death and Life of Great American Cities, â€Å"Uses of Sidewalks: Safety.† In this chapter, Jacobs attempts to analyze the ways in which sidewalks serve as a safety network for various cities. They do this in several ways, from the most basic, elevating and separating pedestrians from bikes and cars which could be dangerous to them, to much more complex systems. It is incredibly important, however, that Jacobs recognizes that the sidewalks in and of themselves do very little to create or destroy a safe environment. Jacobs indicates that people are not merely â€Å"passive beneficiaries of safety or helpless victims of danger† on sidewalks (30), but rather, everyone who participates in the interactions involved on sidewalks, from people in houses and businesses bordering the sidewalk, to the cars bordering the other side, to the pedestrians actually on the sidewalk, all have an important part to play i n keeping these sidewalks safe. She then identifies the human factors that help to keep a feeling of safety or un-safety on sidewalks. Things like high turnover of housing, little community feeling and empty streets with occasional traffic but easy access all lead to feeling (and reality) of un-safety – people are not likely to intervene on each other’s behalf and there is not a high enough mass of people and inter-person respect to provide a feeling of safety. But Jacobs is quick to point out that this safety is not merely a reflection of population density, because if it was, Los Angeles, which is nearly entirely suburban, would have a low rather than high crime rate (32). She also makes it very clear that police cannot solve this problem, and that in fact places with high police presence tend to be the most dangerous – police cannot solve the problems of unsafe cities (31). So to Jacobs the problems of creating safety in cities must rest with people – how to create public spaces in streets and sidewalks that discourage feelings of un-safety while encouraging feelings of community that create a safer environment for everyone. The idea of people being the fundamental unit of architecture appears in the works of Christopher Alexander and Le Corbusier as well, though they take almost opposite tracks to understanding how to fascilitate people’s use of cities. Both recognize very clearly that the living, breathing city is created by people – not the physical spaces, but the people that inhabit them. Alexander takes a natural view of cities, using semilattice and set theory to describe the ways a cities parts interact, through people. He strongly dislikes artificial cities, saying that there is something necessarily missing from them, and that artificial cities tend to create a â€Å"tree† system, where each component is only interrelated to each other through its connection to the whole (80). Each leaf is only conn ected to each other leaf because they are connected to the tree – not because they have any particular relationship to each other.

Business evulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business evulation - Essay Example The fact that partners come from administration, finance, and the sales departments of other successful companies in the market ensures that the company’s departments will be component especially the three which are crucial for the success of any company. Another strength that the company has is the fact that its management structure is well suited for new ideas and contribution meaning that the decisions and policies undertaken by the company will comprise both new and old ideas which will help in the company realising success. Another strength that the company possesses is the various number of services the company is offering. This means that the company will be able to attract income from various sectors of the market since the company is diverse. Weaknesses The fact that the company is very new in the marketing and branding market is a weakness. This is due to the fact that the marketing and branding industry is characterised by a lot of customer loyalty thus many consume rs in the market are loyal to existing brands making it hard for new companies to penetrate the market(Kotler, Etal, 2006.). LaunchMe is currently a small business establishment which is a major weakness since the company is not able to hire many employees. This is due to lack of resources to support a huge staff. As a result, many huge companies with huge projects will forego LaunchMe since they will assume it will be unable to launch huge projects. Another weakness that the company faces is fact that it is operating in the United Kingdom only. This will greatly limit its consumer coverage which is essential for such a company in order for it to attract as many customers as possible. Opportunities Investments opportunities, innovation, and technological revolution provides the LaunchMe company with the opportunity to grow remarkably. This is because current trends are showing that the economy of the United Kingdom is steadily getting back to its where more and more investors are pu tting in their cash to small companies such as LaunchMe which are expected to bring back revenue in the future. The fact that the company aims at focus at business owners and entrepreneurs both in the United Kingdom and the international market presents a great opportunity for growth of the company since the rich people in the country are always interested in starting up new business hence providing a steady market for LaunchMe’s products and ser ices. The branding and marketing industry is a growing industry with new developments and innovations (Belch, 2002). This is not only in the United Kingdom but in the whole world (Wheeler, 2006). This creates an opportunity for the company to both grow geographically and financially. By venturing into other countries in Europe and eventually the while world the company will be able to increase in both size and outreach resulting in the company enjoying more revenue. Threats There are major players who pose threats to the company in t erms of unfair competition. Such companies include Addison Whitney, Siegel and Gale among others. Such companies are a threat to the company since they have a well established customer base meaning they enjoy a lot of customer loyalty. It is a known fact that customer loyalty can result to monopolistic features to

Human Resources Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Management Essay Proper management of human resources is vital to being a successful business. Human resources are one of the critical departments within any organization. The purpose of this essay is to emphasize the basic principles of Human Resources Management. EEO and Affirmative Action, Human Resources Planning, Recruitment, and Selection, HRD, Compensation and Benefits, Safety and Health, and Employee and Labor Relations are the six areas of Human Resources Management that will be the focus. All of these Human Resources Management areas should be working together and should correspond with the overall business strategy. According to our text, â€Å"Human Resource Management is specifically charged with programs concerned with people the employees† (Ivancevich, 2007). It was observed by Edward L. Gubman, in the Journal of Business Strategy, that â€Å"the basic mission of human resources will always be to acquire, develop, and retain talent; align the workforce with the business; and be an excellent contributor to the business. Those three challenges will never change† (Gubman, 2006). In today’s world the terms human resource management and human resources is called personnel management or a personnel manager. â€Å"In simple words HRM means employing people, developing their capacities, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in tune with the job and organizational requirement† (Storey, 2007). The recognition of the importance of Human Resource Management extends to small businesses also. There for some time they did not generally have the same volume of human resources requirements as the larger organizations, but they too face personnel management issues that can have a decisive impact on the business’ health. In The Small Business Handbook Irving Burstiner stated â€Å"hiring the right people and training them well can often mean the difference between scratching out the barest of livelihoods and steady business growth personnel problems do not discriminate between small and big business, you will find them in all businesses, regardless of size† (Burstiner, 2008). The proper management of a company’s human resources is vital to the success of that company. People within an organization are the most precious and vital resource. They should be treated as such. It is important that the managing of human resources should be done correctly as it affects the overall business plan of any organization. As a person that plans to own an accounting business, this course has made realize that human resources are a very important and vital part of a company. This course has given me the tools to ensure that I have proper Human Resource Management and my employees are taken care of. There are many employers that consider themselves to be equal employment opportunity (EEO) employers. There may even be an employee within the organization that is an EEO officer or they could simply make sure they have a personnel manager, and/or other managers who understand and follow EEO. Our text stated â€Å"the human resource manager plays an important role in showing by example that each employee is important and will be treated ethically and equally† (Ivancevich, 2007). This usually means: †¢ That the employer is following the anti-discrimination laws and is ensuring that everyone within the organization understands these laws and abides by them. †¢ That the employer is preparing and implementing equal employment opportunity management plans or programs designed to ensure that everyone really does get equal opportunity within the organization. Most people know affirmative action as having to do with the development of equal opportunity plans and providing special help for minority groups with a disadvantaged past. Affirmative action programs also help give previously disadvantaged groups the skills they need to compete on equal terms with all other employees. This is a way of ensuring that there is truly equal opportunity between all potential and existing employees. There is a full-time EEO officer within my organization. It is my understanding that our EEO officer has never had anyone come to her about any discrimination that has taken place within the organization. An analysis of the job to be done, written into a job description should be written so that selectors know what physical and mental characteristics applicants must possess, what qualities and attitudes are desirable and what characteristics would be a decided disadvantage. Human resources planning usually refer to classic human resource administrative functions. The evaluation and identification of human resource requirements should meet organizational goals. Effectively, selection is essentially ‘buying’ and employee, the wage or salary multiplied by probable years of service being the price. Bad employee buys can become very expensive for any organization. For this reason, for particular jobs, some organizations may use external expert consultants for recruitment and selection. The ‘cost’ of a poor selection is a reason why those who recruit and employ should be well trained to judge the suitability of all potential applicants. The main sources of recruitment are as follows: †¢ Internal company promotions †¢ Appointment boards †¢ Agencies for the unemployed †¢ Advertising or the use of other local media. The businesses vacancy numbers should determine what line of recruitment should take place. It is important that an organization have a background check done to verify experience and statements about qualifications thoroughly before hiring a potential employee. To ensure a good recruitment process it is important to have training in interviewing and appraising candidates. This type of training usually teaches interviewers how to draw out the interviewee and how to rate the candidates. This is probably one of the most important parts of human resource management. Human Resource Development (HRD) helps employees develop their personal and organizational abilities. Opportunities for employee training, employee career development, performance management, mentoring and organizational development are included in Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development mainly focus is the development of the best employees possible. The reason for this is so that the organization and its employees can accomplish the organizational goals. Human Resource Development can be formal, such as a classroom setting or informal, such as an employee mentoring session by a manager. Organizations that are healthy believe in Human Resource Development. They also believe that the development of their employees is what makes the organization prosper. Unfortunately this is not something that takes place within my organization. It would be nice to be able to receive training that would improve my knowledge and skills and allow me to help in other areas of the organization if possible.

Integrated Management Principle Of Changes In Ikea Commerce Essay

Integrated Management Principle Of Changes In Ikea Commerce Essay The IKEA company running from six decode ago by 1926.ikea They walking from the woods of southern Sweden. Now they have major retail branch over 40 countries around the world. The founder of IKEA is Ingvar Kamprad is born in Smà ¥land in southern Sweden. Within their long history, they have must a principle of changes to gowning their successful history. First need to understand what means about changes that means organizational changes. Changes take many forms: one is extreme that are modify the cause of exist of a company and other is sometime any small portion need to review. Changes can be influence the whole company or small portion of the company such as a single team. In a company occur many changes parallel at a time. Newton (2007) In the IKEA group of company, if there are occur any changes then they achieve the following thing: The achieve the boost in processes and procedure; develop their information technology system, improved their customer services, develop the skill and ability of their teams stuff, including outsourcing company structure will be change, an innovation and broader range of product or services, review the culture of the company and merge and de merge between the company. Any changes occur is a reaction for any stimuli that means every change having some key factor and principle. Some change occurs for internal reason for company and some reason for external reason for the company. The internal changes are comes about trough the creativity of stuff in this company to produce a method that are benefit for the company. This change are recognize by the senior manager in this company that means top down change, but sometimes many changes are identify from bottom up changes. In external changes of this company include: taking step to develop the technology side of the company, taking action of the various demand and needs of the customer, organize the company for changing new legislation and regulations, and try to always react with various competition that are new market policy and new company arise with new technology, etc. Change Management and innovation To achieve a desired final state through changes by set of processes, tools, methods, approaches and techniques is called change management. Change management is means leading transition from one state to another. Change manage is approaches have many innovation in IKEA group company. It helps this organization to gain its aim and objectives that are cannot possible to gain by the present method and successfully operate with customer. This manage also try to minimize the negative of any change occur in this company. Well designed and implementation change can be give massive improvement in this organizational performance, but sometimes it brings negative impact if this changes need again. Change management tries to minimize the time and length of this performance by dropping following changes. CameronGreen (2009) This change management are innovating the different areas of the company that are: project manager use this innovation of the change manager to refer that need any manager c hange need to the scope or requirements of a project. This change management is impact on the cost of this project, time of a project. Operational manager use this term for to an operational process or system is controlled to ensure that the change does not adversely affect operations. For example a new machine is coming on a production line factory, then production manger that is act in change manger ensure that this machine are operate after successfully testing and no disturbing or interrupt to another production that are running in this factory. Change theories and tools within the organization or in IKEA Every organization tries to react with new market policy, new technology, and customer demand. To keep pace with this market change, every organization always takes many sides of change management. There are include process change, structural change, cultural change and cost change in such type organization is called IKEA. Beer (2003) In structural change consider the all functional part of the company that are need to be change for better performance. During structural change, top management, aided by consultant, attempts to reconstruct these sectors to achieve better performance. In process change describe the how product will be done. Process change focus to make processes quicker, more effective, more reliable and less price. Cost change management always considers the price cost according to the customer or market demand. And in cultural change management means the stuff co operation with other and work flow in group member. According to the Harvard Business School Professors Michel Beer and Nitin Nohria described two forms of change theory that are called E theory and O theory. E theory means change from the economical approach and O theory means changes from the organizational capabilities approach. In goals of any company, E theory describe the maximize shareholder value and O theory describe the developing capabilities of this company. In E theory also changes the leadership manages from the top and O theory tries to participate the leadership from bottom up. E theory focuses the structure and system of the company and O theory develop the corporate culture and stuff relation and behavior. E theory conduct the process in plain and established way, but in O theory conducts the process in experimental way. McCalmanPaton (1992) In IKEA group of organization, consider the major change of program according to the market demand and customer choice. So what theory is appropriate for this company is difficult to do say. Because from the previous experiment it is shows that neither theory is guarantee of success. In E theory is develop the rapid changes that are sometimes beneficial. But not either E theory or O theory is beneficial for this company. For successfully change tools in a company. It needs to apply the both theory. Effect of globalization on change management using Risk Management Technique Risk is unavoidable in every project in organization. Risk may be come in any side of the organization that means operational, process and cultural risk, etc. For example, in a team group any member is sick then there will be occur a risk. A good manager always takes action to reduce the risk and make contingency plan to mitigate risk. Wallace (1999) Figure1 : Risk Management .There are many risk management technique are available for reduce risk. Risk also effects the globalization on change management. There are many factor are include to effect the globalization. Deaconu Capital repositioning is one of the common globalization effects that are identify. For the reason of economic growth of the developed countries that are seeking the market in the developing countries also coming risk in the economic field. Increasing trade exchange is also another risk that are sometime arrange without any regulations. The Barriers of change process There are many change management processes available that are structural process, cultural process, behavior change process, etc. To achieve this process, there are also coming many barriers. The behaviorist approach is about changing the behaviors of others through reward and punishment. This leads to behavioral analysis and use of reward strategies. Personality type has a significant effect on an individuals ability to initiate or adapt to change. To overcoming this behavioral change barriers, manager can take step. For behavioral barriers, get his reward strategies right and link goals to motivation for cognitive. To overcoming these change problems make sure that the organization continues to do all the normal work that needs to be done in priority to the change itself. Any product need not be delivered when change are in risk. Kotter (1996) There are need to continuous monitoring progress in terms of both completion task and the delivery of benefits. Resolve this problem quickly and effectively. The decision to go live requires an understanding of the risk being taken. Risk can be minimized by activities like testing and contingency plans, but there is never zero risk. Celebrate success proportionately and at the right time. Source of conflict within the change management Conflict takes place in organization because organizations function by means of adjustment and compromises among competitive elements in their structure and membership. Peoples views often conflict. If they hold them strongly, the result can be two kinds of conflict, horizontal between functions, departments, groups and individuals, and vertical between different levels in the hierarchy. A conflict between individuals raises fewer problems than conflict between groups. Individuals can act independently and resolve their differences. Members of groups may have to accept the norms, goals, and values of their group. An individuals loyalty will usually be to his or her own group if it is in conflict with others. Every change provides an opportunity to learn. True learning is not just about discussing what went well and badly, but about taking real action to ensure the lesions are drilled into the organization. Change is continuous in an environment of finite resource. To perform the best changes requires tough decision making and prioritization of change option. To thrive in a world of change the organization should deliberately develop change management skills as a core skill for everyone in the organization. When developing or changing anything for organization consider how they can design in flexibility so the next time it comes to making a modification it is easier, quicker, and cheaper. The best method of handling conflict is to adopt a problem solving approach by: getting arrangement on what problem is, jointly analysis the causes of the conflict, identifying alternative mean of dealing with the issue, jointly evaluating the metrics of each alternative from the perspectives of both parties. Working through the alternatives to find the one closest to meeting the needs of everyone connected and agreeing on how the preferred solution can be implemented to the satisfaction of both parties. Conclusion of all the outcomes for the given organization IKEA The most important task is to gain the commitment of all concerned to the proposed change. This can be achieved by preparing for change thoroughly, gaining understanding and acceptance of the reasons for change, managing the transition carefully, and implementing the change in a way which ensures, as far as possible, that it is accepted so that, in use, its worth becomes evident. The main business theam of IKEA group is delivered the well designed product in minimam prize that are able to all people. The IKEA organazations develop their more store moer than 4.5% to 660 miliion. This is increase the tortal EUR 22,713.

Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of Synesthesia :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Tangled Wires: Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of Synesthesia Synesthesia - a mixing or combination of senses - is a concept relatively familiar in the Western world. History is littered with descriptions of people tasting words and seeing sounds; the folklore of creative and expressive arts, in particular, filled with stories of famous "synesthetes." Russian author Vladimir Nabokov, German painter Wassily Kandinsky, American artist David Hockney, and Russian composer Alexander Scriabin have all been labeled as such, and books on the topic were published as early as 1890 . Though at that time interest in synesthesia was mainly from those involved in humanities disciplines, it was clear that synesthesia was an unusual form of perception, which opened the door for the phenomenon to be studied by neuroscientists. As these scientists gained the intellectual apparatus (more complex theories of the human nervous system, for example) to approach these issues of perception, synesthesia again became a topic of interest in the 1980's and '90's. Historica l reasons for this are perhaps due to the increased availability and interest in technology during the Cold War and Americans' resulting faith in expertise of science. Also, the discovery of LSD and trend of recreational hallucinogen use in the 1960's and '70's could have influenced this interest, as hallucinogens (particularly LSD) are known to induce synesthesia. Though this historical background may not seem important to a neurobiological paper, I wish to in part use this paper to show links between culture and scientific "objectivity." The controversy surrounding current theories of synesthesia is most certainly culturally informed, and scientists working in this area are as likely to cite philosophers as they are scientific research . This intellectual debate surrounding synesthesia, which is both philosophical and scientific, can also inform our class discussion of the notion that "brain equals behavior." Cytowic, who is one of the foremost writers on the topic of synesthesia posits a complex mÃ… ½lange of scientific and epistemological points to analyze the phenomenon. An explanation of his work is crucial to getting inside the synesthesia debate. Instead of viewing synesthesia as a neurobiological concern, Cytowic explains how multidisciplinary work will provide insight into "consciousness, the nature of reality, and the relationship between reason and emotion" (1). He aims to look not only at experimental data but at a broad overview of the scientific concept of the brain in order to answer the synesthesia question. His work is circumscribed by historical and philosophical frameworks as are mentioned above. Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of Synesthesia :: Biology Essays Research Papers Tangled Wires: Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of Synesthesia Synesthesia - a mixing or combination of senses - is a concept relatively familiar in the Western world. History is littered with descriptions of people tasting words and seeing sounds; the folklore of creative and expressive arts, in particular, filled with stories of famous "synesthetes." Russian author Vladimir Nabokov, German painter Wassily Kandinsky, American artist David Hockney, and Russian composer Alexander Scriabin have all been labeled as such, and books on the topic were published as early as 1890 . Though at that time interest in synesthesia was mainly from those involved in humanities disciplines, it was clear that synesthesia was an unusual form of perception, which opened the door for the phenomenon to be studied by neuroscientists. As these scientists gained the intellectual apparatus (more complex theories of the human nervous system, for example) to approach these issues of perception, synesthesia again became a topic of interest in the 1980's and '90's. Historica l reasons for this are perhaps due to the increased availability and interest in technology during the Cold War and Americans' resulting faith in expertise of science. Also, the discovery of LSD and trend of recreational hallucinogen use in the 1960's and '70's could have influenced this interest, as hallucinogens (particularly LSD) are known to induce synesthesia. Though this historical background may not seem important to a neurobiological paper, I wish to in part use this paper to show links between culture and scientific "objectivity." The controversy surrounding current theories of synesthesia is most certainly culturally informed, and scientists working in this area are as likely to cite philosophers as they are scientific research . This intellectual debate surrounding synesthesia, which is both philosophical and scientific, can also inform our class discussion of the notion that "brain equals behavior." Cytowic, who is one of the foremost writers on the topic of synesthesia posits a complex mÃ… ½lange of scientific and epistemological points to analyze the phenomenon. An explanation of his work is crucial to getting inside the synesthesia debate. Instead of viewing synesthesia as a neurobiological concern, Cytowic explains how multidisciplinary work will provide insight into "consciousness, the nature of reality, and the relationship between reason and emotion" (1). He aims to look not only at experimental data but at a broad overview of the scientific concept of the brain in order to answer the synesthesia question. His work is circumscribed by historical and philosophical frameworks as are mentioned above.

Importance of Preserving the Union in John Milton’s Paradise Lost Essay

The Importance of Preserving the Union in Paradise Lost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Critics have long argued over the power structure operating in the gender relations of Milton's Paradise Lost. However, to really understand Adam and Eve and the intricacies of their relationship, it is necessary to view them in terms of a union, not as separate people vying for power. Because they are a union of contraries, the power dilemma is a moot point even though a hierarchy exists; it is a hierarchy of knowledge, not of power, and it in no way implies that Adam needs Eve any less than she needs him. Actually, they both need each other equally as much because they each have strengths and weaknesses that are complemented by the other&emdash; this necessarily leads to their interdependency. They are opposites, each with their own limitations (which Milton makes clear particularly through their creation narratives and their pre-fall relationship), who come together to form a very powerful and cohesive union. Everything that Adam and Eve do throughout the story of Par adise Lost, most obviously during and after the Fall, is directed at preserving their union. The balance of their relationship changes after the Fall and allows for the redemption of the union as well as humankind. Milton shows the opposite natures of Adam and Eve throughout their creation narratives. Adam is created during the day, and his creation emphasizes the heat of the sun: As new wak't from soundest sleep Soft on the flourie herb I found me laid In Balmie Sweat, which with his Beames the Sun Soon dri'd. (8.253-56) The sun is both light and heat, and it plays an important role in Adam's creation: "The sun helps creation by drying Adam" (Flannagan 441). Conversely, Ev... ...woman: they are two forces which must remain in balance, or if they change, they must change according to each other and come to terms with a new union. The relationship of Adam and Eve changes greatly in the course of Paradise Lost and though they lose much of what they begin with, they end with what they need: each other and a newly defined union whose terms they both accept.    Works Cited Froula, Christine. "When Eve Reads Milton: Undoing the Canonical Economy." John Milton. Ed. Annabel Patterson. New York: Longman, 1992. 142-164. McColley, Diane Kelsey. Milton's Eve. Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1934. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Roy Flannagan. New York: Macmillan, 1993. Webber, Joan Malory. "The Politics of Poetry: Feminism and Paradise Lost." Milton Studies. Vol. 14. Ed. James D. Simmonds. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1980. 3-24.   

The Study Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology Developments Environmental Sciences Essay

Interest in the issue of safeguarding the ecological environment has steadily increased in recent decennaries. Parallel to this involvement, some companies in assorted sectors have increased the degree and quality environmental information communicated to investors and stakeholders in developing a new sort of revelation, environmental revelation[ 1 ]. Several research workers have focused on the inducements for houses to set about voluntarily unwrap information on their environmental public presentation. Research on the issue have focused on different facets of this revelation as its impact on stock monetary values, outlooks of investors and their information demands, appraisals of concern hazard and impact on the cost of capital and the grounds for such revelation and the schemes pursued by houses. The bulk of surveies on environmental revelation are made in developed states like Canada, the United States, England and Australia, but what about the utility and relevancy of information environmental context of an emerging market? It is progressively common to hear the footings nanotechnology nanoparticles, nanostructures, etc, in mundane conversations, but for most people is still hard to conceive of these words out of context of scientific discipline or scientific discipline fiction[ 2 ]. However, the impact is undeniable and the survey of nanoscience and nanotechnology developments will hold immense impact on societal, cultural and economic life of all of us daily. Furthermore, the positive scenario presents the great benefits that will convey nanotechnology in the countries of wellness, nutrient, energy, environment, electronics and telecommunications, etc like C nanotubes can be used in golf nines for strength and elation, nanosilver is used as an antimicrobic agent in socks, and clay nanoparticles mean that beer can be packaged in plastic.[ 3 ] But nanotechnology besides brings many hazards with it ; environmental and wellness jeopardies and this should be disclosed to the populace so that they can take portion in the determination doing associating to the usage of this engineering and be able to forestall themselves from the possible jeopardies of nanotechnology and supply solutions to cut down these jeopardies. Some of the possible hazardeous belongingss of nanomaterials are that they might ‘penetrate the blood-brain barrier every bit good as the blood-lungs barrier. ‘[ 4 ]Hazards like these give us all grounds to fear about jobs like ‘asbestos 2.0 scenario, in which a considerable figure of merchandises incorporating nanomaterials might hold to be recalled from the market. There is already some grounds that certain nano tubings might hold belongingss similar to asbestos. ‘ Therefore, one can non be excessively certain for how long market participants, particularly consumers, will be ready to accep t populating under this Damocles ‘ blade of uncertainness. ‘[ 5 ]‘More specific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver ‘s powerful antimicrobic consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effects of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. ‘[ 6 ]But the problematic inquiry is that whether we are ready to accept the advantageous nanotechnology with all its disadvantages and sick effects. And are we prepared to battle the ailments of nanotechnology particularly when the degree of certainty required to take action is really high. This is so because the harmful impact of the nanomaterials has non been wholly established to everyone ‘s satisfaction. In this brief research, we try to seek whether the current Torahs plenty to cover with the jobs posed by the usage of nanomaterials or do we necessitate nano Torahs to cover with the unanticipated possible menaces. We besides discuss effects of nanotechnology and speak about the function of public engagement in nanotechnologies and how it can assist work out the conflicting visions for nanotechnology and sustainability. The purpose of this research is to measure the importance of the function of public engagement in sustainable nanotechnology development. The survey will besides accomplish the undermentioned aims Basic apprehension of nanotechnology Professionals and cons of nanotechnology Comparisons of policies and ordinances of nanotechnology of UK, US and China The importance of function of public engagement in nanotechnology Science and engineering brings both the benefits every bit good as losingss for the society and environment. The importance of this survey is that it helps measure how public engagement can assist cut down the negative impacts of scientific discipline and engineering in the society and environment.The survey will seek and reply the undermentioned research inquiries:What is nanotechnology What are its possible benefits and jeopardies? What is the importance of public engagement in the sustainable development of nanotechnology? The research is based on the aggregation of secondary informations. The information is extracted from a assortment of articles, diaries and books. Secondary research means that the information is gathered from publications, literatures, broadcast media and other non-human beginnings. The method used here for research is qualitative.Chapter 2NanotechnologyNanotechnology – a signifier of molecular technology – promises important societal benefits. The term â€Å" nanotechnology † encompasses an emerging household of heterogeneous engineerings including â€Å" nanosciences † and â€Å" nanotechnologies † enabling the use of affair at the atomic degree ‘ .[ 7 ] Nanotechnology is the new developing field of unifying scientific discipline and engineering. It is believed by its advocates that nanotechnology or ‘Nano ‘ ‘has the possible to alter the economic system and the criterions of life. ‘[ 8 ]It is seen as agencies to ‘longer, healthier life with riddance of life threatening diseases. ‘[ 9 ]‘Nanoscience is the survey of the cardinal rules of molecules and constructions with at least one dimension approximately between 1 and 100 nanometres ( one-billionth of a metre, or 10-9 ) , otherwise known as the ‘nanoscale. ‘[ 10 ]Called nanostructures, these are the smallest solid things possible to do. ‘[ 11 ] Nanotechnology is the ability to step, see, manipulate and industry things normally between 1 and 100 nanometres. A nanometre is one billionth of a metre ; a human hair is approximately 100,000 nanometres broad. In 2007, the planetary market for goods integrating nanotechnology was 147 billion. Lux Research undertakings that figure will increase to $ 3.1 billion by 2015[ 12 ]. Nanoscience can be described as those who study constructions or objects with at least one dimension in the nanometer graduated table. The analysis of these constructions includes the word picture of their belongingss ( whether mechanical, electronic, optical, magnetic, etc. ) ; the survey of interaction may hold with other nanostructures, with electromagnetic moving ridges, etc. , and the description of phenomena that occur at this degree[ 13 ]. On the other manus, nanotechnology corresponds to the proficient capacity to modify and pull strings affair to develop functional constructions and devices with dimensions below 100 nanometers, for possible technological applications. For illustration, a construction typical of the devices produced by the microelectronics industry current would be 100s of times larger than a nanostructure with dimensions below a few 10s of nanometres[ 14 ]. There is certain grade of singularity in these nano atoms and the scientists use this singularity to develop merchandises. Even though the nanotechnology is still on its research stage there are many articles/applications utilizing this engineering available in the market, such as miniaturized nanoscale detectors, and devices for screening DNA molecules, pigments, glare-reducing coating for spectacless and cars, organic visible radiation breathing rectifying tubes used in laptop computing machines, cell phones, and digital cameras, featuring goods, cosmetics, stain-resistant vesture, and cosmetics, sunblocks. From the environment position point this engineering is both advantageous and disputing. The benefits include ‘remediation, monitoring, and green production. For illustration, field trials indicate that Fe nanoparticles can be used to clean up dirt by neutralizing contaminations such as polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and dioxin. Possibly the greatest promise that nanotechnologies hold for the environment, nevertheless, may be the mode in which they could basically alter the manner goods are manufactured. Traditional fabrication requires big sums of natural stuffs bring forthing waste and risky by merchandises in the procedure. Nanotechnology allows for edifice from the underside up utilizing merely those molecules that are needed for the merchandise, thereby extinguishing waste at the beginning. ‘[ 15 ] Sadly plenty even though nanotechnology is positively touching are modern lives in legion ways really small is known about the jeopardies of this engineering. The jeopardies are chiefly related to the usage, industry and the disposal of merchandises prepared from nanotechnology. The informations associated with these hazards is really minimum and is n't easy available for the populace. Many feel that the ‘sheer assortment of the applications, belongingss expressed, paths of exposure and agencies of disposal make it peculiarly disputing to place, estimation, and pull off any hazards posed by nanotechnologies. Knowledge of the chemical belongingss of a substance when in majority may non assist foretell how that substance will act at the nanoscale. For illustration, aluminium is inert when it takes the signifier of a sodium carbonate can, but is extremely explosive in nanoform. ‘[ 16 ] The exceeding features of nanomaterials, jointly with the wellness and environmental jeopardies, ‘create what the Twenty Seventh Report of the UK ‘s Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) refers to as a ‘control quandary ‘ to which there are no simple and straightforward solutions. ‘[ 17 ]A The state of affairs becomes even worse because of the fact that we are non cognizant of all possible jeopardies which these nanomaterials are capable of doing and therefore no ‘appropriate hazard direction government ‘[ 18 ]can be established. ‘The hard inquiries are non about theA legitimacyA of modulating on the footing of safety, but about theA acceptabilityA and theA certaintyA of the hazard. Safety concerns about nanomaterials by and large include inquiries about the ability of substances at the nanoscale to get the better of some of the organic structure ‘s natural defense mechanisms, such as tegument, lungs, or the brain/blood barrier, and their possible to prevail in the environment. ‘[ 19 ]‘More specific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver ‘s powerful antimicrobic consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effects of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. ‘[ 20 ]A But there is still an on-going argument on jeopardies versus the benefits that this engineering brings with it. Although the Royal Commission on the Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) is of the position that ‘the bing ordinances have the capacity to cover with the apprehended hazard associated with the nonomaterial, the job is that they do non adequately do so. ‘[ 21 ]Today nanotechnology is deriving a batch of attending and therefore it is really of import to pay attending to its social dimensions. Even though nanotechnology have found their manner into the bing ordinances it is still of import to ‘modify some ordinances within bing models to reflect the jeopardy presented by free nanoparticles and nanotubes. It has been recommended by the RS/RAEng that all relevant regulative organic structures review the capacity of bing ordinances to protect worlds and the environment from possible jeopardies associated with the usage of nanomaterials. ‘[ 22 ] Although it is felt by many that to a big extent the bing ordinances are adequate in integrated nanomaterials and the jeopardies caused by them but still there are some loopholes in the system. The averment that the current existing ordinances are adequate to integrate nanomaterials may be due to the fact that we are still incognizant of the possible dangers and menaces caused by these stuffs. This raises the inquiry that whether these ordinances are capable of accomplishing a nice degree of safety? Harmonizing to the RCEP study ‘nanotechnologies are covered by a complex set of bing regulative governments in the Fieldss of consumer, public wellness and environmental protection. ‘[ 23 ]However despite these regulative governments they still sometimes fail to account for 100 % safety. For this ground the RCEP came up with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances or REACH. This has brought with it a immense alteration in the methodological analysis of covering with chemical substances. REACH does non incorporate anything specific refering nanotechnology ; it applies to new and existing chemicals and their usage, import and industry. Under this statute law it is mandatory for everyone covering with chemicals ; the makers, importers and other users to vouch that the chemicals used or manufactured does non negatively concern human wellness or the environment. It makes enrollment a compulsory demand for those covering with chemicals. This helps in obtaining relevant information about the chemicals being dealt with by the makers or the importers, giving the European Chemicals Agency an chance to measure and look into chemicals. This manner the activities that are harmful for the human wellness and environment can be singled out and can be restricted. REACH helps in advancing informed, transparent and unfastened decision-making, and provides a advanced and flexible regulative model. However, its relevancy and application to nanomaterials is limited. While REACH is puting its accent on the metric tons of chemicals being released, we fail to gain the injury caused by them at nano degree, such as ‘concerns associating to the inspiration of C nanotubes are non related, as such, to the measure of their production. Nanomaterials are evidently less likely to run into a tunnage threshold because, for any substance, there will be many more nanoparticles to the metric ton than larger atoms. ‘[ 24 ] Although one might reason that these ordinances can be applied to all harmful substances irrespective of their size or signifier but it is besides true that for such ordinances to go applicable the injury should be apparent on a really big graduated table to present possible menace to human life and the environment. It is merely so that the usage of those peculiar categories of nanomaterials will be classified as unacceptable and banned by the competent governments, which is practically about impossible.Professionals AND CONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGYScience and engineering are clearly societal existences by the fact that they belong to the same society. However, persons of the society have absolute right of oppugning on the benefits or negative impacts a peculiar innovation or development engineering could hold on society. Therefore, possible developments like nanotechnology or any new engineering that comes on the market are evidently susceptible to such appraisal. There are many illustrat ions of engineerings with good repute beginning subsequently on nem con being rejected, and frailty versa. It is in the current epoch the mass media can be constructed to be the Judgess of possible injuries or benefits of new engineerings. The chief job frequently viewed on the topic of unfavorable judgment is to acquire the public create their ain thought to happen the balance between the pros and cons[ 25 ]. This has happened historically with applications in the field of energy atomic, with the usage of assorted types of radiation, and more late with development of genetically modified beings, cloning and technology, merely to call a few.ProfessionalsThe possible application countries in which scientists say nanotechnology will impact positively are: Storage, production and energy transition, Increase in agricultural productiveness and pest sensing, Wastewater intervention and air pollution solutions, Diagnosis, monitoring and remedy of diseases systems drug disposal, Processing of nutrient and other consumer goods, New stuffs for assorted industries ( fabrics, automotive, building, picture, athleticss ) , General development of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and bioelectronics and much more.ConEric Drexler in his book â€Å" The Rise of the machines to make † was the first to convey to the cognition of the general populace an overview of this new molecular engineering[ 26 ]. That describes non merely the tremendous capacity and possible nanotechnology, but besides the impact it may hold on the Fieldss medical, environmental and economic, every bit good as the hazards and frights associated[ 27 ]. However, many surveies are still seeking to find the impact of the nutrient produced from these GMOs in the wellness of consumers or environment in the short and long term. These ruinous visions about the possible negative deductions of developments in nanotechnology have non stopped the immense investings economic assistance for research in nanoscience and nanotechnology by big transnational companies in all industries and public in developed states. Unfortunately, it besides spends big sums of money to analyze the possible applications of Military nanotechnology. With horror we hear about arms biological / chemical computerized sufficiently intelligent devices little to avoid sensing, â€Å" smart † arms to kill merely soldier enemies and non guiltless people, etc. As we have seen, nanotechnology has a character genuinely multidisciplinary, with many possible application Fieldss for their development ( wellness, communications, ecology, nutrient, military, etcaˆÂ ¦ ) . So if we assess their impact on human activities as diverse, it is non we can non generalise and utilize the good-bad duality for making[ 28 ]. We realize that all the possi ble utilizations and hazards unwanted potency of nanotechnology are straight related. It is obvious that big corporations seeking to retrieve their investing and multiply in the shortest clip possible regardless of possible negative effects the engineering may hold on consumer and worker wellness or the environment[ 29 ]. The fact is that consumer ends up being a surety of large companies. For the state of affairs seems more awful and a grade of cynicism, so does with military applications in which the side that develops engineering will last no peculiar usage to their advantage to rule his opposition. However, due to the rapid development of scientific and chair a small the great duty of scientists to society, we can state that sometimes they are unable to spot in the short term possible negative impacts or that could hold applications in the hereafter their surveies, particularly when it comes to basic scientific discipline research or cardinal. The job with nanomaterials is that their dimensions are similar to some biological molecules and so they are really much capable of interacting with the biological molecules. These nanomaterials can travel within the organic structure of populating beings including worlds and can traverse cell membranes and reach the blood and variety meats like liver and bosom of the life organic structure. The indissoluble nanoparticles pose a greater menace to the human organic structure as they can lodge with within the organic structure for a longer clip. The nanoparticles which are inhaled by the human organic structure have the inclination of attaching itself to the lungs and thereby travel to assorted other variety meats and even damage the fetus in instance of pregnant adult females. These inhaled nanomateirals might take a toxic signifier within the human organic structure and cause lung redness and other jobs. Although the nanoparticles are used in drungs to move as a drug bearer and present more drugs to the mark cells but sometimes it becomes really difficult to separate the toxic atoms from the remainder, illustration the nanoparticles have the potency to traverse the blood encephalon barrier and present the drugs straight to the encephalon. However in stead of the limited information available about the sick effects of these nanoparticles it is rather possible for them to be toxic to the encephalon. The information on the side effects is scarce, it is expected to be much worse than what is known besides the effects are dependent on a scope of factors like age, unsusceptibility, presence of other pollutants, wellness jobs etc. Apart from the above discussed sick effects its sad to describe that there are about no publications on the sick effects of nanoparticles on animate beings and workss in the environment. Owing to the nature and inclination of the nanoparticles to attach with the cells and cross cellular membranes it can non be denied that they cause some serious harm to the works and carnal life along with human life. ‘Persistent indissoluble nanoparticles may do jobs in the environment that are much greater than those revealed by human wellness appraisals. ‘[ 30 ]CONCLUSION- ARE THE METHODOLOGIES AVAILABLE TO ASSESS THE HAZARDS ADEQUATE?With respect to this inquiry the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks ( SCENIHR ) is of the sentiment that although the bing methods seem appropriate but they are decidedly non adequate to turn to all sorts of environmental menaces. ‘More specifically, the manner of bringing of the nanoparticle to the trial system shoul d adequately reflect the exposure scenarios. Extra trials may be needed. Besides showing the dosage of exposure in footings of mass alone is non sufficient ; it besides needs to be expressed in footings of entire surface country, figure of atoms, or a combination of the two. The bing methods used for environmental exposure appraisal are non needfully allow. Therefore, the current hazard appraisal processs require alteration for nanoparticles. ‘[ 31 ] Besides harmonizing to SCENIHR despite the fact that there is an increasing focal point on the nanotechnology there is still ‘insufficient cognition and informations refering nanoparticle word picture, their sensing and measuring, the destiny ( and particularly the continuity ) of nanoparticles in worlds and in the environment, and all facets of toxicology and environmental toxicology related to nanoparticles, to let for satisfactory hazard appraisals for worlds and ecosystems to be performed. ‘[ 32 ] The SCENIHR commission was of the position that there are certain positions that need to be filled for an improved hazard appraisal for the merchandises and these include the word picture of mechanics, dynamicss, production and preparation of the nanotechnology and nanoparticles. Besides data on the toxicokinetic informations to place the mark variety meats and to determine the effects of the nano sized atoms on them. Harmonizing to the commission it is besides of import to hold full information of the occupational exposure and other possible wellness jeopardies on the workers who are involved in managing these nanosized atoms.